Abstract
The nanostructure of β-gallium oxide crystals influences the conversion to carbamates; specifically, for the synthesis of alkyl carbamates (like propyl N-octylcarbamate) from CO2 and n-propanol in the absence of phosgene. The nanostructures with variable aspect ratios (length (L)/width (D); from 2 to 18) were prepared by the controlled addition of neutral and cationic surfactants during gallium oxide synthesis. These catalysts displayed selectivities to the corresponding carbamates as high as ~70%, superior to non-nanostructured Ga2O3 catalysts. The conversion was found to be inversely proportional to the square of the relative crystallinity. The catalysts retained their structure and catalytic performance upon recycling.
Highlights
Gallium oxide (Ga2 O3 ), displaying basic and acidic sites on its surface [1,2], has been widely used in a number of varied applications
Ga2 O3 has been widely used as a precursor in the gallium nitride (GaN) synthesis via chemical vapour deposition [7,8]
We present our results on the hydrothermal synthesis of nanostructured Ga2 O3 with varying, controlled aspect ratios by employing cationic and triblock copolymer surfactants
Summary
Gallium oxide (Ga2 O3 ), displaying basic and acidic sites on its surface [1,2], has been widely used in a number of varied applications. Ga2 O3 has been widely used as a precursor in the gallium nitride (GaN) synthesis via chemical vapour deposition [7,8]. It has been used as a catalyst for reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOX ) using alkanes [9,10,11], benzene decomposition [12], dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons in the presence of CO2 [13,14,15], and catalytic isomerization and dehydrogenation of fatty acid esters [16].
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