Abstract
The objective of this study is to compare the resin-enamel bond strength (mμSBS), in-situ degree of conversion (DC), and the enamel-etching pattern (SEM/EDX) of universal adhesive systems when applied to sound and fluorotic enamel. Ninety-eight human molars were sectioned into 4 parts and divided into 24 groups according to 1) enamel surface (sound or fluorotic enamel), 2) adhesive system (Clearfil Universal Bond [CUB], Futurabond U [FBU], iBond Universal [IBU], and Scotchbond Universal [SBU]), and 3) application mode (etch-and-rinse [ER], active self-etch [Active-SE], and passive self-etch [Passive-SE]). Specimens were stored at 37 °C, for 24 hours and tested at 1.0 mm/min (μSBS). Enamel-resin interfaces were evaluated for in-situ DC. The enamel-etching pattern was evaluated under a SEM/EDX. Data from mμSBS and in-situ DC was analyzed using a three-way ANOVA and Tukey's test at 5 % level of significance. For all adhesives, the ER resulted in a statistically significant higher mean mμSBS than the passive-SE in both substrates (p < 0.001). For all adhesives, active-SE resulted in mean mμSBS (p > 0.31) and in-situ DC (p > 0.45) that were statistically similar to those obtained with the ERs in both substrates. A statistically significant, higher mean mμSBS and in-situ DC were obtained in sound enamel (p < 0.001) than in fluorotic enamel. In general, SBU showed higher mean values for mμSBS and in-situ DC compared to those of CUB and IBU (p < 0.001). ER and active-SE showed the deepest enamel-etching pattern in both substrates. A higher amount of fluor was observed in fluorotic enamel. The active application of universal adhesives in the SE-mode may be a viable alternative to increase the adhesive properties in sound and fluorotic enamel.
Highlights
Fluorine is an important element to control dental caries; an excess of this element during dentin formation may result in fluorosis.[1,2] Dental fluorosis is a premature mineralization of external enamel, making the sub-surface enamel increasingly more porous and hypomineralized.[3]
Regarding to active-SE mode, for all universal adhesives, the mean bond strengths were statistically similar to those obtained with the respective ER application mode in sound and fluorotic enamel (p > 0.31; Table 3)
The only exception was when Clearfil Universal Bond (CUB) was applied in sound enamel in the active-SE mode, it resulted in mean bond strengths that were statistically higher compared with those obtained with the respective ER application mode (p = 0.001; Table 3)
Summary
Fluorine is an important element to control dental caries; an excess of this element during dentin formation may result in fluorosis.[1,2] Dental fluorosis is a premature mineralization of external enamel, making the sub-surface enamel increasingly more porous and hypomineralized.[3] These structural changes in enamel are characterized by opaque white areas or discolorations ranging from light yellow to dark brown,[3] and. This process could result in structure loss, leading to esthetic problems. The success of the restoration depends largely on the micromechanical interlocking of the adhesive system on the enamel.[7]
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