Abstract
In the present work, the use of porous titanium is proposed as a solution to the difference in stiffness between the implant and bone tissue, avoiding the bone resorption. Conventional powder metallurgical technique is an industrially established route for fabrication of this type of material. The results are discussed in terms of the influence of compaction pressure and sintering temperature on the porosity (volumetric fraction, size, and morphology) and the quality of the sintering necks. A very good agreement between the predicted values obtained using a simple 2D finite element model, the experimental uniaxial compression behavior, and the analytical model proposed by Nielsen, has been found for both the Young’s modulus and the yield strength. The porous samples obtained by the loose sintering technique and using temperatures between 1000 °C −1100 °C (about 40% of total porosity) are recommended for achieving a suitable biomechanical behavior for cortical bone partial replacement.
Highlights
Titanium and titanium alloys have been widely used as orthopedic implant materials due to their excellent mechanical and corrosion resistance, as well as their adequate biological behavior [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
Between 5% and 10% of bone implants can fail due to different causes during the five-year post-implantation period
Among the possible solutions proposed are the use of metastable β-titanium alloys [14,15,16,17,18] and/or porous materials [19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27]
Summary
Titanium and titanium alloys have been widely used as orthopedic implant materials due to their excellent mechanical and corrosion resistance, as well as their adequate biological behavior [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8].the stiffness of titanium is higher (100–110 GPa) than that of the cortical bone (20–25 GPa), which produces the stress-shielding phenomenon, promoting bone resorption surrounding the implant and compromising, in these cases, the implants reliability (clinical success). Titanium and titanium alloys have been widely used as orthopedic implant materials due to their excellent mechanical and corrosion resistance, as well as their adequate biological behavior [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. Between 5% and 10% of bone implants can fail due to different causes during the five-year post-implantation period. Even a novel classification is proposed according to the state of the starting material [28]. In this context, some works show the limitations in controlling the quantity, size, distribution, and morphology of the pores by conventional techniques. Other works report the high cost and the difficulty in obtaining reproducible and versatile results using the new processing routes
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