Abstract
Objective: Malaria infection remains a global concern due to increasing resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapy. This study examinedthe antimalarial effects of propolis extract alone and in combination with pasak bumi root extract.Methods: In the study, 30 mice were divided into six groups including two control groups, two groups of mice treated with propolis aloneat concentrations of 90 and 180 mg/kg body weight (BW), and two combination groups of mice treated with 90 or 180 mg/kg BW propolis incombination with 60 or 75 mg/kg BW pasak bumi, respectively. Plasmodium berghei 2% was injected into each mouse, and blood smears wereprepared after 8 days to assess parasitemia.Results: The results revealed no significant difference in parasitemia levels between the positive control and the two combination groups (p=0.136 and0.289, respectively). However, superior growth inhibition (GI) results were observed in the combination groups (97.97% and 97.83%, respectively)than in the propolis monotherapy groups, whereas better outcomes were observed in the positive control group (98.63% GI) than in the propolismonotherapy groups (23.88% and 51.66%, respectively).Conclusion: These results illustrate that combination therapy is superior to propolis monotherapy in inhibiting parasitemia.
Highlights
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes [1]
Parasitemia levels remained low in the positive control group, with the lowest level observed on day 3
Parasitemia levels were lower in the propolis monotherapy groups than in the negative control group, whereas the levels were dramatically elevated versus those in the positive control group
Summary
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes [1]. In Indonesia, the incidence of malaria has reached 2.9%, up from 1.9% in 2013. The incidence and prevalence of malaria are highest in Papua, East Nusa Tenggara, West Papua, Central Sulawesi, and Maluku [3]. Malaria remains prevalent due to resistance to malaria therapy [2]. In Indonesia, chloroquine is used for antimalarial therapy, but resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) first appeared in 2004 [4,5]. The resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to ACT has been detected in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Thailand [2]. The WHO continues to recommend ACT due to its efficacy [6]
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