Abstract
Based on recent developments and the predicted future advancement of lighting technologies, researchers are now questioning the extent to which daylight is effective in lowering the overall energy consumption of buildings. As light-emitting diode (LED) luminaires are highly energy efficient, the amount of power consumed for lighting purposes can be reduced, even in situations where the lighting system is at its full power. It has already been demonstrated that LED-lighting technologies can facilitate significant energy savings through minimizing window size (the main source of heat loss in buildings), and there is considerable potential for developing the LEDs’ source efficacy and lighting-product efficiency to ultimately achieve levels of efficacy of approximately 350 lumens per Watt (lm/W). For building designs to be sustainable in the future, it is critical that the windows-to-wall ratio (WWR) is optimized to minimize both heating and cooling loads, as well as the total energy consumed by the building for lighting, according to the efficiency of the LED, while still maintaining a suitable lighting level for occupants. This research examines the influence of the WWR on the total amount of energy consumed by standard buildings in Jordan using various LED luminaires (existing and projected efficiencies). DesignBuilder software was utilized to analyze the effect of LED-technology development on optimizing the WWR for a typical residential structure in Jordan. The research presents beneficial recommendations with respect to optimizing the WWR for primary decision-makers in the design of residential buildings with enhanced energy efficiency, considering the losses and gains associated with solar heat and light to capitalize on solar energy with no adverse impacts by windows size. The outcomes suggest a WWR of 17% could be achieved by typical residential buildings in Jordan that have extremely efficient LED lighting systems (350 lm/W), which is more than 50% less than the existing level of 40% recommended by multiple standards. Additionally, this study highlighted that when the efficiency of LED technologies increases, the energy demand of the building will be reduced because of lower energy usage combined with heat gain resulting from the LED efficiency.
Highlights
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Due to the fact that the construction industry is one of the sectors that has one of the highest demands for energy, it is highly influential on energy consumption trends.Due to an expansion in the different types of buildings required, there has been significant expansion in the commercial building sector in recent years
To ensure that future construction projects are sustainable, it is essential that recomwere used including: 50 lumens per Watt (lm/W); 100 lm/W; 150 lm/W; 200 lm/W; 250 lm/W; 300 lm/W; 35 mendations are made, including the optimization of windows-to-wall ratio (WWR), to achieve a reduction in both lm/W. and Because systems arethat integrated into buildings, when oneItelement i heating coolingmultiple loads while ensuring suitable lighting levels are maintained
Even though the optimum WWR can range between 17% and 29%, it still effectively represents a decrease that can be accomplished by enhancing the efficiency of the lighting system
Summary
Due to the fact that the construction industry is one of the sectors that has one of the highest demands for energy, it is highly influential on energy consumption trends. Due to an expansion in the different types of buildings required, there has been significant expansion in the commercial building sector in recent years. Around 1.6 billion square feet of commercial buildings are constructed, which equates to. 110,000 structures per annum or 500,000 every half decade [1]. Energy Information Administration (EIA), 19% of the overall amount of energy consumed within the United States is attributable to commercial structures, which produces 18% of its CO2 emissions [2]. Most of the energy consumption by commercial structures is related to space heating/cooling and lighting, which are related to both external and internal loads
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