Influence of the 2014–2016 marine heatwave on seasonal zooplankton community structure and abundance in the lower Cook Inlet, Alaska

Abstract

During the 2014–2016 Pacific marine heatwave (MHW), seabird die-offs, declines in forage fish populations, and the appearance of subtropical marine taxa (e.g. ocean sunfish, skipjack tuna) occurred in the northern Gulf of Alaska; however, the response of the zooplankton community to the MHW remains poorly understood. As part of the Gulf Watch Alaska program in Cook Inlet, zooplankton, phytoplankton, and a suite of oceanographic variables were collected monthly from 2012 to 2018. Surface zooplankton were collected via vertical tows (0–50 m) with a 333 μm bongo net along with CTD data and chlorophyll a concentration. Generalized additive models showed that seasonal zooplankton abundance peaked mid-June and declined into late January. During the MHW, monthly temperature anomalies ranged from +0.2 to +2.8 °C in 2015 and 2016, but monthly means of large lipid-rich calanoid copepods showed no clear declines in abundance compared to before and after the MHW suggesting that these copepods had some resiliency. An indicator species analysis using 88 of the most common zooplankton taxa produced five groups of zooplankton based on season. A BIO-ENV Best model showed that the environmental variables best explaining the observed zooplankton community structure included SST, temperature of the top 50 m of the water column, mixed layer depth (MLD), MLD temperature, and integrated chl a (ρ = 0.3491, Mantel Test: r = 0.3491, α < 0.05). Seasonal transitions of community groups displayed a phenological shift in 2016 when the late spring group of meroplanktonic larvae and the fall group of warm water copepods (WWC) typical of the Northern California Current system appeared earlier and persisted for longer compared to before and after the MHW. WWC abundance increased during the fall seasons of the MHW. Throughout 2015–2016, the elevated abundance of WWC compared to previous years and before/after the MHW suggested that warmer than average oceanographic conditions in the winter of 2015/2016 may have been sufficient to allow for an overwintering population in this area. A potential overwintering population of a warm water predatory copepod, Corycaeus anglicus, was observed and may have direct fine scale predator/prey impacts on zooplankton in this region.