Abstract
INTRODUCTIONThe influence that the environment exerts on the general health and productivity of poultry is a concern of long standing. Pasteur et al. (1878) demonstrated a relationship between body temperature and the resistance of the fowl to anthrax, even though the role of environmental temperature and body temperature was not understood at that time. Since Pasteur’s earliest observation, an extensive body of literature has evolved which indicates that the environment influences the chicken’s ability to withstand infectious diseases. Hutt (1958), in his excellent text, presented a clear picture of how the environment, as it is perceived genetically by birds, conditions resistance and/or susceptibility to common infectious diseases.Environmental factors other than temperature affect immunity in birds. Among such factors are: microbial toxins (Pier and Heddleston, 1970; Pier et al., 1971; Michael et al., 1973; Thaxton et al., 1974a), hypoxia (Tengerdy, 1970), heavy metals (Thaxton and Parkhurst, 1973; Morgan et al.
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