Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are widely used in a variety of products, thus understanding their health and environmental impacts is necessary to appropriately manage their risks. To keep pace with the rapid increase in products utilizing engineered ZnO NPs, rapid in silico toxicity test methods based on knowledge of comprehensive in vivo and in vitro toxic responses are beneficial in determining potential nanoparticle impacts. To achieve or enhance their desired function, chemical modifications are often performed on the NPs surface; however, the roles of these alterations play in determining the toxicity of ZnO NPs are still not well understood. As such, we investigated the toxicity of 17 diverse ZnO NPs varying in both size and surface chemistry to developing zebrafish (exposure concentrations ranging from 0.016 to 250 mg/L). Despite assessing a suite of 19 different developmental, behavioural and morphological endpoints in addition to mortality in this study, mortality was the most common endpoint observed for all of the ZnO NP types tested. ZnO NPs with surface chemical modification, regardless of the type, resulted in mortality at 24 hours post-fertilization (hpf) while uncoated particles did not induce significant mortality until 120 hpf. Using eight intrinsic chemical properties that relate to the outermost surface chemistry of the engineered ZnO nanoparticles, the highly dimensional toxicity data were converted to a 2-dimensional data set through principal component analysis (PCA). Euclidean distance was used to partition different NPs into several groups based on converted data (score) which were directly related to changes in the outermost surface chemistry. Kriging estimations were then used to develop a contour map based on mortality data as a response. This study illustrates how the intrinsic properties of NPs, including surface chemical modifications and capping agents, are useful to separate and identify ZnO NP toxicity to zebrafish (Danio rerio).
Highlights
Accelerated advancements in nanotechnology and nanoscience have found applications in a variety of scientific fields, leading to a rapid increase in the types of engineered nanoparticles on the market
The observed toxic responses of developing zebrafish embryos to zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) exposure varied with surface chemical modification
The fish water (FW) was prepared with 0.26 g/L Instant Ocean salts (Aquatic Ecosystem, Apopka, FL) combined with approximately 0.01g NaHCO3 pH buffer in reverse osmosis water
Summary
Accelerated advancements in nanotechnology and nanoscience have found applications in a variety of scientific fields, leading to a rapid increase in the types of engineered nanoparticles on the market. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are the third highest production volume nanoparticles at roughly 550 tons per year [1]. Given their value as UV-protects [2], selfcleaning surfaces [3], sensors [4] and catalysts [5], it is expected that the use of engineered ZnO NPs will continue to increase with the increasing market demand. As such, understanding which features of ZnO NPs increase their risks to humans and/or the environment is of paramount importance [7] Despite this fact, very few studies to date have looked across a wide-range of engineered ZnO nanoparticle types to investigate how surface chemical modifications alter toxicity
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