Abstract
Black chokeberries (Aronia melanocarpa), deciduous shrubs of the Rosaceae family, are native to northeastern North America. Chokeberry fruits are cultivated to make jellies, juices, and wines. Black chokeberry pulp is rich in phenolics and other antioxidants and exhibits potential for health and food packaging benefits. Chokeberries’ in vitro antioxidant activity is among the highest values of all berries, though chokeberry extraction techniques frequently employ environmentally unfavorable solvents or are time‐inefficient. Batch extraction of antioxidants from chokeberry pomace using supercritical carbon dioxide with an ethanol modifier was used to examine the effects of plant loading, pressure, temperature, and percent ethanol by weight. Effects on total phenolic content (TPC) and the optimal conditions for extractions within these ranges are reported. Multivariate analyses reveal the following relationships of extraction conditions upon TPC: Temperature is directly proportional, percent ethanol by weight is inversely proportional, and chokeberry loads can be increased to enhance antioxidant activity, though not through a linear relationship. In studies involving 0.5 g plant load, the conditions 24.9MPa, 68°C, 90wt‐% CO2, and 10wt‐% ethanol generated the highest TPC value, 3.42 ± 0.20 mg gallic acid equivalents/gram chokeberry. Chokeberry extracts displayed antiproliferative effects on the SKBr3 breast cancer line and the 52KO MEF line, although TPC was not predictive of cellular responses. HPLC‐MS data suggest cyanidin hexose and cyanidin pentose compounds as well as quercetin deoxyhexose–hexose as components of the more favorable extraction product that reflected a significant decrease in viability for the extract in comparison with ethanol control in the SKBr3 breast cancer line.
Highlights
Nutraceuticals, substances at the junction of “nutrients” and “pharmaceuticals” (DeFelice, 1995), have been used for years in treating disease
We investigate a relatively nontoxic, batch extraction method to extract compounds from chokeberries by employing a solvent of supercritical carbon dioxide and an ethanol modifier (used to increase the dielectric constant (Schmidt & Moldover, 2003)) with different extraction parameters than previously employed by Wozniak et al (2017)
Mass/charge (m/z) ratios and molecular weights of isolated peaks identified through ESI-mass spectroscopy (MS) were compared against literature-reported values of phenolic compounds previously extracted from chokeberries
Summary
Nutraceuticals, substances at the junction of “nutrients” and “pharmaceuticals” (DeFelice, 1995), have been used for years in treating disease. Supercritical fluids exhibit characteristics of liquids and gases They exist above both the pressure and temperature conditions required for a substance to have a distinct phase boundary between the liquid and gas, and they are able to extract compounds faster than traditional methods (Sairam, Ghosh, Jena, Rao, & Banji, 2012). An extraction was employed on chokeberries using supercritical carbon dioxide with an ethanol modifier (Wozniak, Marszalek, Skapska, & Jedrzejczak, 2017), which used a partial factorial design where temperature, pressure, and ethanol concentration were varied, but solvent density was allowed to change with operating conditions. We investigate a relatively nontoxic, batch extraction method to extract compounds from chokeberries by employing a solvent of supercritical carbon dioxide and an ethanol modifier (used to increase the dielectric constant (Schmidt & Moldover, 2003)) with different extraction parameters than previously employed by Wozniak et al (2017). HPLC-MS analysis was performed to profile the most probable major components of the most antiproliferative extraction products toward SKBr3 breast cancer cells
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