Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal mushroom known and used for centuries in China, claimed as beneficial for health due to the immunological effects provided by (1-3)Beta, (1-6)Beta-glucans present in its cell wall. Agricultural residues can be used as substrate for solid-state fermentation and turned into a product rich in Beta-glucans, that can be used for animal feeding, enhancing the immune response and, thus, reducing the utilization of antibiotics and other drugs. Therefore, colonization rate (growth), yield and concentration of (1-3)Beta, (1-6)Beta-glucans of different agricultural residues, such as soybean hulls, soybean residue and corn residue after solid state fermentation with G. lucidum were determined and evaluated according to their composition before fermentation. Specific growth rate (k) was higher for soybean hulls (k1 = 0.165) and corn residue (k3 = 0.161), but concentration of (1-3)Beta, (1-6)Beta-glucans was higher in soybean residue (234.09 mg g-1) and soybean hulls (180.32 mg g-1). Considering the nutritional composition of substrates, the concentration of (1-3)Beta, (1-6)Beta-glucan can be related to the ratio between fiber carbohydrates and total carbohydrates, demonstrating that fiber is an important feature regarding the production of Beta-glucans by the fungus. Also, colonization rate can be related to the total carbohydrates concentration and total carbohydrates/crude protein ratio, showing that carbohydrates and proteins have an important effect over the growth of the fungus. Soybean hulls showed to be the most feasible substrate for G. lucidum mycelia production presenting high concentration of (1-3)Beta, (1-6)Beta-glucans and colonization rate, with potential to be a dietary supplement for farm animals.
Highlights
Ganoderma lucidum, known as Reishi in Japan, and Lingzhi in China, is a basidiomycete, wood decaying mushroom, traditionally used in China for centuries and considered as a medicinal mushroom that enhances health and promotes longevity
This work considered the substrate with the mycelium as final product, because of the possibility to include it in animal feeding
According to Graminha et al (2008), solid state fermentation represents a potential for animal feeding in developing countries because it enhances nutritive value of agricultural residues without the need of high technology
Summary
Known as Reishi in Japan, and Lingzhi in China, is a basidiomycete, wood decaying mushroom, traditionally used in China for centuries and considered as a medicinal mushroom that enhances health and promotes longevity. Commercialization and manufacturing of this mushroom and its products represent an economic impact of 2.5 million dollars in the United States (Bishop et al, 2015). The commercial products can be found as fruiting body (as teas, powder or capsules), spores (capsules) and mycelium (in grains or capsules). ; it takes 45 to 150 days to produce fruiting bodies and spores, depending on genetics and environmental factors such as temperature, humidity and photoperiod (Rolim, Sales-Campos, Cavalcanti, & Urben, 2015). Substances that provide therapeutic characteristics to this mushroom, named bioactive compounds, include polysaccharides, dietary fibers, oligosaccharides, triterpenoids, peptides, proteins, alcohols, phenols, mineral elements, vitamins and amino acids. The therapeutic properties are directly related to the immunological properties of those substances, and (1,3)β, (1,6)β-glucans are the most studied (Batra, Sharma, & Khajuria, 2013)
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