Abstract
The macroscopic mechanical properties of natural sedimentary soft soils, which are usually linked to their microstructure, are different from those of remolded soils. The interaction between soil structure and mechanical behavior is a manifestation of structural mechanics effects. It is essential to understand the effects of secondary compressibility to predict long-term foundation deformations. The effects of soil composition on secondary compression deformation are little studied, and the soil structure is rarely involved in the compression process. The sedimentary environment creates the initial composition and structure of soft soil, and it also basically determines its grain size and mineral composition, while different depths give soft soil different overburden pressures, and the soil composition and depth directly affect its yield stress during compression. So, natural sedimentary soft soils sampled at different depths and from different sedimentary environments (such as marine-neritic facies, sea shore facies and limnetic facies) were selected to study the influence of structure on the secondary compression coefficient Cα during pressure change and the relationship between soil composition and Cα. One-dimensional compression and consolidation creep tests were carried out on undisturbed and remolded samples. The undisturbed samples were obtained by the thin-wall samplers in rotary wash borings, and the quality of the samples met the test standard. Based on the concept of the void index Iv and the intrinsic compression line (ICL) proposed by Burland, the role of structure in the compression process was studied, and the influence of soil composition and structure on secondary compression characteristics was summarized. The Cα/Cc values are 0.031, 0.034, 0.030, and 0.036 for Shanghai, Tianjin, Suzhou, and Ningbo soft soils, respectively, within the range of inorganic clays and silts (0.04 ± 0.01) given by Mesri. According to the compression index Cc obtained by compression test, Cα/Cc can be used to estimate Cα. The yield stress of normal consolidated soil is near pre-consolidation pressure, while that of structural soft soil is greater than its pre-consolidation pressure. Natural sedimentary soft soils show over-consolidation characteristics due to the action of the structure; the soil structure resists the external load and hinders secondary compression. When the soil structure is almost destroyed, the pressure reaches the structure full yield stress P′. The tests of structural soft soils show that Cα changes with pressure before the structure completely yields, first increasing and reaching peak Cαmax near P′; the value of P′ is approximately 1.6–3.0 σ’k, where σ’k refers to the structure yield stress of soil obtained by the Casagrande method. After the structure disappeared, Cα gradually decreased and then stabilized, which is considered to be independent of the load. The Cαmax is positively correlated with the liquid limit, indicating that the peak value that can be reached by the Cα is related to the maximum content of bound water in soft soil, thus the soil composition has a significant influence on secondary compressibility, which contributes to the prediction of long-term foundation deformation.
Highlights
Soft soils are widely distributed all over the world and are found in coastal areas and round rivers and lakes
Where e is the void ratio, e∗100 and e∗1000 are the void ratios of remolded soils with an initial moisture content of 1.0–1.5 times the liquid limit corresponding to the applied stress of 100 kPa and 1000 kPa, respectively, in the one-dimensional compression test [39]
The natural sedimentation state of soil is mostly consistent with the sedimentation compression line (SCL), which is above the intrinsic compression line (ICL)
Summary
Soft soils are widely distributed all over the world and are found in coastal areas and round rivers and lakes. Soil compressibility is reflected in two aspects: as the excess pore water pressure dissipates, the effective stress increases, and the compressive deformation is the primary consolidation deformation of the soil. After the excess pore water pressure is completely dissipated and the effective stress becomes basically stable, the bound water film on the surface of the soil particles creep and the rearrangement of the soil structure leads to the secondary compression deformation of the soil [4]. The Italian Leaning Tower of Pisa is caused by excessive uneven settlement due to secondary compression deformation of its foundation. With the improvement in the requirements for postconstruction settlement of soft soil foundations in actual engineering, the role of secondary compression and its influencing factors have attracted wide attention
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