Influence of structural moieties in squaraine dyes on optoacoustic signal shape and intensity

Abstract

Optoacoustic imaging has grown in clinical relevance due to inherent advantages in sensitivity, resolution, and imaging depth, but the development of contrast agents is lacking. This study assesses the influence of structural features of squaraine dyes on optoacoustic activity through computational models, in vitro testing, and in vivo experimentation. The squaraine scaffold was decorated with halogens and side-chain extensions. Extension of side chains and heavy halogenation of squaraines both increased optoacoustic signals individually, although they had a more significant effect in tandem. Density functional theory models suggest that the origin of the increased optoacoustic signal is the increase in transition dipole moment and vibrational entropy, which manifested as increased absorbance in near-infrared region (NIR) wavelengths and decreased fluorescence quantum yield. This study provides insight into the structure-function relationships that will lead guiding principles for optimizing optoacoustic contrast agents. Further developments of squaraines and other agents will further increase the relevance of optoacoustic imaging in a clinical setting.