Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between the external friction angle of cereal kernels and the roughness of a steel friction plate. The experiment was performed on the kernels of five principal cereals: wheat, rye, barley, oats, and triticale. Flat seed units composed of three spaced kernels joined by adhesive tape were analyzed in each experimental variant. The external friction angle of flat seed units was determined on nine steel friction plates with different roughness. Measurements were performed in three replications with a photosensor device which registered the external friction angle of cereal kernels. On friction plates with surface roughness Ra = 0.36 to Ra = 6.72, the average values of the angle of external friction ranged from 17.56° in rye kernels to 34.01° in oat kernels. The greatest similarities in the angle of external friction were observed between wheat and triticale kernels, whereas the greatest differences were noted between barley and oat kernels and between barley and triticale kernels. Friction plates made of ST3S steel should be characterized by the lowest surface roughness to minimize energy consumption during grain processing. The optimal surface roughness of steel friction plates was determined at Ra = 0.9.
Highlights
Cereals are a group of flowering grasses of the family Poaceae
The results of this study indicate that the parameters of a steel friction plate significantly influence the external friction angle of cereal kernels and that local disruptions are observed relative to the generally increasing change trend
The above applies to the grain of all cereal species, and local disruptions are noted in the same characteristic locations
Summary
Cereals are a group of flowering grasses of the family Poaceae. The fruit of grasses are kernels, which are characterized by high starch content and are used in the production of foodstuffs and feedstuffs and in industrial processing. Most industrial surfaces appear highly complex during microscopic observations They are composed of irregular elements that differ significantly in height and distribution. Technological surfaces are characterized by variations in shape, waviness, porosity, directional structure, and geometric defects. These features are collectively referred to as geometrical product specifications (GPS) [8]. Several height and longitudinal parameters are used to characterize a surface in two-dimensional (2D) space, including Ra: arithmetical mean deviation of a profile, Rz: height of peaks at 10 points along a profile, Rt: total profile height, and Rq: root mean square of profile deviations [8,9,10]. The following GPS parameters have been developed for surface evaluations: Sa: average roughness, Sp: maximum peak height, Sq: root mean square roughness, Sv: maximum valley depth, Ssk: skewness, etc. [9,11]
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