Abstract
The restriction of sodium intake, one of the pillars of antihypertensive treatment, has been associated with the increase in cholesterol levels. Given this, we hypothesize that a sodium intake restriction may increase cholesterol levels in hypertensive women. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of sodium intake, sociodemographic, lifestyle and anthropometric variables on the blood cholesterol levels of hypertensive women. This was a cross-sectional study with hypertensive and nondiabetic women aged 20 to 59 years, recruited from the primary healthcare units of Maceio, Alagoas, in the Brazilian Northeast. Sodium intake was estimated by the 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium; and blood cholesterol was estimated by capillary blood. Age (years), education level (<4 or ≥4 years), race (white or nonwhite), smoking and alcohol consumption were evaluated. The weight, height and waist circumference were measured and body mass index, conicity index and waist-to-height ratio were quantified. The percentage of body fat was measured using a tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance device. The relationship between blood cholesterol and other variables was assessed by multiple regression analysis. A significance level of 5% was used in the final model. This study included 165 hypertensive women. In linear regression, blood cholesterol wasdirectly proportional to age (p<0.001), education level (p=0.01) and race (p=0.04). These variables, as well assodium intake (p = 0.07) and conicity index (p = 0.12), were included in the multiple regression analysis. Sodium intake (p=0.03) and age (p=0.001) were related, in an inverse and a direct way, respectively, to the blood cholesterol in the hypertensive women studied.
Highlights
Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is a multifactorial clinical disease considered a serious public health problem [1], which substantially increases the risk of developing other cardiovascular diseases (CVD) [2]
Given the above and the fact that 24-hour urine collection is considered the gold standard for estimating sodium intake [12], the present study aimed to evaluate the influence of sodium intake and sociodemographic, lifestyle and anthropometric variables on blood cholesterol of hypertensive women
Anthropometric evaluation and body composition assessment showed that 134 (81.2%) were overweight according to Body mass index (BMI), and 115 (69.7%) had elevated body fat (BF) levels (Table 2)
Summary
Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is a multifactorial clinical disease considered a serious public health problem [1], which substantially increases the risk of developing other cardiovascular diseases (CVD) [2]. These diseases are one of the leading causes of death in the world [3]. Among the risk factors associated with CVD are those considered non-modifiable, such as age, gender and genotype, and those considered modifiable, such as dietary, smoking, stress, weight gain and sedentary lifestyle [4]. Considering that reducing sodium intake is one of the pillars of antihypertensive treatment [8,9,10] and given that the restriction of this micronutrient has been associated with an increase in cholesterol levels [11]
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