Abstract
Rollinia mucosa fruit has generated great interest due to the presence of bioactive compounds, which exhibit promising biological activities. Fingerprinting analytical techniques, chromatographic-diode array detection (DAD), infrared, mass spectrometric, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, associated with chemometric analysis and mixture design, were used to determine chemical discriminations of sun-exposed and self-shaded leaves of Rollinia mucosa in each of the four seasons. Sunlit leaves in winter presented higher metabolite signals related to the acetogenins, whereas shaded leaves have higher abundances of carbohydrates and terpenes. Sunlit leaves harvested in the summer had the smallest metabolite abundances. Fingerprints confirmed the presence of two acetogenins, annonacin A and annonastatin. Ternary and quaternary mixtures of the statistical mixture design were most effective for revealing important discriminations.
Highlights
Rollinia mucosa is a tropical fruit tree indigenous to the West Indies and Central America,[1] and popular fruit in Brazil, Mexico, Bolivia, Venezuela, among others
The chromatograms were arranged in a matrix of 1800 rows and 66 columns, where each row represents absorbance in arbitrary units at each retention time, and the columns the extracts prepared according to the statistical mixture design (33 extracts for each type of leaf)
Fingerprinting analytical techniques, chromatographicDAD, infrared, mass spectrometric, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), associated with chemometric analysis and statistical mixture design enabled the discrimination of sun-exposed and self-shaded leaves of Rollinia mucosa by identifying different chemical fingerprints for different seasons. With this experimental strategy and analytical fingerprinting it was possible to trace the different extract profiles qualitatively identifying the presence of two acetogenins, annonacin A and annonastatin
Summary
Rollinia mucosa is a tropical fruit tree indigenous to the West Indies and Central America,[1] and popular fruit in Brazil, Mexico, Bolivia, Venezuela, among others. Pharmacological and phytochemical studies of this species reported the presence of major active principles, acetogenins,[11,12,13] that are known to have anticancer activities These complex molecules present terminal γ-lactone ring units, tetrahydrofuran (THF) units along the aliphatic chain and other functional groups.[14]. The environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, seasonality,[15] circadian rhythm,[16] ultraviolet radiation,[17] air Metabolic fingerprinting has been increasingly used to provide information for the study of vegetal material to simultaneously analyze several metabolites, identify differences among them, classify samples and identify discriminating constituents based on spectral characteristics.
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