Abstract
The canopy is the direct receiver and receptor of external environmental variations, and affects the microclimate and energy exchange between the understory and external environment. After autumn leaf fall, the canopy structure of different forests shows remarkable variation, causes changes in the microclimate and is essential for understory vegetation growth. Moreover, the microclimate is influenced by the scale effect of the canopy. However, the difference in influence between different forests remains unclear on a small scale. In this study, we aimed to analyze the influence of the scale effect of canopy projection on understory microclimate in three subtropical broad-leaved forests. Three urban forests: evergreen broad-leaved forest (EBF), deciduous broad-leaved forest (DBF), and mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest (MBF) were selected for this study. Sensors for environmental monitoring were used to capture the microclimate data (temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), and light intensity (LI)) for each forest. Terrestrial laser scanning was employed to obtain the canopy projection intensity (CPI) at each sensor location. The results indicate that the influence range of canopy projection on the microclimate was different from stand to stand (5.5, 5, and 3 m). Moreover, there was a strong negative correlation between T and RH, and the time for T and LI to reach a significant correlation in different urban forests was different, as well as the time for RH and LI during the day. Finally, the correlation between CPI and the microclimate showed that canopy projection had the greatest effect on T and RH in MBF, followed by DBF and EBF. In conclusion, our findings confirm that canopy projection can significantly affect understory microclimate. This study provides a reference for the conservation of environmentally sensitive organisms for urban forest management.
Highlights
The highest values of CC and leaf area index (LAI) were observed in evergreen broad-leaved forest (EBF), the highest canopy thickness (CT) value was in deciduous broad-leaved forest (DBF), and the highest canopy cover area (CCA) and canopy volume (CV) values were in mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest (MBF)
The findings are as follows: first, scales of canopy projection on the microclimate were 5 m in MBF, 3 m in EBF, and 5.5 m in DBF; second, some common results were obtained for the broad-leaved forests
T (10:00–11:00), given that T is mainly affected by light intensity (LI) in the forest, whereas relative humidity (RH) is affected by the evapotranspiration of plant communities
Summary
There have been increasing concerns about the loss of biodiversity and sustainability of ecosystems due to global warming [1,2]. Global warming has considerably affected the growth processes of many plants [3,4]. A study showed that an increase in temperature by approximately 1 ◦ C over several decades could result in changes in the species composition of forests [5]. In urban forest ecosystems, the forest canopy is the most direct receiver and receptor of external environmental changes, affecting the microclimate in forests by blocking solar radiation [6,7,8], which directly or indirectly
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