Influence of rate and method of application of superphosphate on the growth and nutrient status of newly planted peach trees

Abstract

SummaryA field experiment was carried out with newly planted peach trees to determine the influence of both rate and method of application of superphosphate on tree growth and nutrient status during the first growing season. Superphosphate was applied at planting at rates ranging from ¼ to 9 lb per tree, and applications were made either to the soil surface, in the planting hole, under tree roots, or in a band around the tree at a depth of 6 inches. Trees were grown under straw mulch and were irrigated as required.Results showed that, in this soil of low initial ऩ content, trees receiving 9 lb superphosphate on the soil surface or in a ring band grew significantly larger than trees receiving ¼ lb superphosphate per tree (this applied for butt circumference only on surface-treated trees), but high rates of superphosphate in the planting hole or under tree roots resulted in tree death. No significant differences in growth were recorded at harvest between surface and ring-banded treatments at any phosphate rate, but leaf analysis in midsummer and tree analysis at harvest showed that the phosphate status of surface-treated trees was significantly higher than that of ring-banded trees.At low rates of superphosphate (¼ and 1 lb per tree), surface treatment tended to give larger trees at the end of the growing season than band treatment, but differences were not significant. It is thought that this differential response occurred because the phosphate-fixing potential of the soil increased sharply with depth and hence band applications were inefficient unless very high rates of superphosphate were used.The tree damage observed when high rates of superphosphate were applied in the planting hole or under tree roots was probably due to a combination of osmotic stress, acidity damage to the roots and possibly toxic nutrient levels in tree tissues. Hence high rates of superphosphate should not be placed close to tree roots at planting.Leaf analysis in midsummer and tree analysis at harvest showed that the main effect of superphosphate application was on the ऩ status of the trees, and maximum tree growth in the surface and band treatments corresponded to a value of approximately 0.28% ऩ (dry weight basis) in the leaves. The efficiency of uptake of applied superphosphate was very low at all rates of application and was especially so at high rates. However, positive growth responses were recorded to 9 lb superphosphate per tree in surface and banding treatments. It is suggested that, although most of the applied superphosphate could not be utilized, tree growth rate was proportional to the concentration of ऩ in the soil zone which could be exploited by the roots.