Abstract
Probiotics’ ability to integrate into dental biofilms is not yet clarified. The aim of this trial was to detect probiotic bacteria from probiotic products in dental biofilm and saliva during and after intake. In this parallel, randomized clinical trial, 39 subjects wore customized appliances to build up intra-oral biofilms (72-h periods). The trial was divided into screening (S) to determine baseline biofilm flora, intervention (I), and wash out (WO). During I (28 days), subjects consumed a product containing (a) Enterococcus faecalis (b) Lactobacillus casei, or (c) Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Probiotic bacteria and Streptococci spp. were detected in the biofilms and saliva of the 35 subjects that were included in the analysis. During I and WO, the ratio of probiotics in the biofilm was very low compared to total bacterial load, while saliva had slightly but not significantly higher values. No significant changes of probiotic bacteria (p > 0.05) were found at any visit during I or WO. The proportion of streptococci was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) during I and even lower in WO, compared to S. Probiotic bacteria could neither integrate nor persist in dental biofilm and saliva but did influence the growth of streptococci in biofilm and saliva.
Highlights
IntroductionWhile probiotics have been praised for having a positive influence on the immune system and regarding some gut-related diseases [2,3], most health claims are still unsupported and systematic reviews reached no definite conclusions about their significant effects [4,5,6,7]
The global probiotics market size was valued at 48.88 billion USD in 2019 and is projected to reachUSD 94.48 billion USD by 2027, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.9% during the forecast period [1].While probiotics have been praised for having a positive influence on the immune system and regarding some gut-related diseases [2,3], most health claims are still unsupported and systematic reviews reached no definite conclusions about their significant effects [4,5,6,7]
Due to the possibility of a diverse source of similar bacterial species, e.g., from food, the culture technique was still required in order to characterize and compare the strains isolated with the original strains cultivated from the probiotic products themselves by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) [44]
Summary
While probiotics have been praised for having a positive influence on the immune system and regarding some gut-related diseases [2,3], most health claims are still unsupported and systematic reviews reached no definite conclusions about their significant effects [4,5,6,7]. This is mostly due to the heterogeneity of yeasts, products, doses, and vehicles. Probiotics have been scientifically evaluated according to their effect on oral health [8,9,10,11,12] because the oral cavity presents conditions similar to the gastrointestinal system regarding the high diversity of the microbiota and exposure to food components.
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