Abstract
Pores create a transportation network within a soil matrix, which controls the flow of air, water, and movement of microorganisms .The flow of air, water, and movement of microbes, in turn, control soil carbon dynamics. Computed microtomography (μCT) allows for the visualization of pore structure at micron scale, but quantitative information on contribution of pores to fate and protection of soil carbon, essential for modeling, is still lacking. This study uses the natural difference between carbon isotopes of C3 and C4 plants to determine how the presence of pores of different sizes affects spatial distribution patterns of newly added carbon immediately after plant termination and then after one-month incubation. We considered two contrasting soil structure scenarios: soil with the structure kept intact and soil for which the structure was destroyed via sieving. For the experiment, soil was collected from 0-15 cm depth from a 20-year continuous maize (Zea mays L., C4 plant) experiment into which cereal rye (Secale cereale L., C3 plant) was planted. Intact soil fragments (5-6 mm) were procured after 3 months rye growth in a greenhouse. Pore characteristics of the fragments were determined through μCT imaging. Each fragment was sectioned and total carbon, total nitrogen, δ13C, and δ15N were measured. The results indicate that, prior to incubation, greater presence of 40-90 μm pores was associated with higher levels of C3 carbon, pointing to the positive role of these pores in transport of new C inputs. Nevertheless, after incubation, the association became negative, indicating greater losses of newly added C in such pores. These trends were statistically significant in destroyed-structure soil and numerical in intact-structure soil. In soils of intact-structures, after incubation, higher levels of total carbon were associated with greater abundance of 6.5-15 and 15-40 μm pores, indicating a lower carbon loss associated with these pores. The results indicate that, in the studied soil, pores of 40-90 μm size range are associated with the fast influx of new C followed by its quick decomposition, while pores <40 μm tend to be associated with C protection.
Highlights
Soils contain twice as much carbon as the atmosphere and have the potential to store even more, especially in agricultural soils (Lal, 1999; Swift, 2001; Dungait et al, 2012; Kell, 2012)
Soil carbon content is an important component of soil fertility as it drives several defining criteria of soil quality, including cation exchange capacity, soil aggregation, and water holding capacity (Dou et al, 2014)
Soil for the greenhouse study was obtained in the summer of 2013 from the Living Field Lab (LFL) experiment established in 1993 at W
Summary
Soils contain twice as much carbon as the atmosphere and have the potential to store even more, especially in agricultural soils (Lal, 1999; Swift, 2001; Dungait et al, 2012; Kell, 2012). Soil carbon content is an important component of soil fertility as it drives several defining criteria of soil quality, including cation exchange capacity, soil aggregation, and water holding capacity (Dou et al, 2014). This makes utilization of agricultural management practices that increase and/or conserve soil carbon vitally important to sustainability (Grandy and Robertson, 2007). One such practice is the utilization of cover crops, a crop that is planted between main crops for the purpose of preventing erosion, decreasing weeds, and increasing soil fertility. This disconnect is not limited to access of decomposers and their enzymes to soil carbon, and includes availability of other components necessary for decomposition, such as oxygen and water (Schmidt et al, 2011; Keiluweit et al, 2017)
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