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Abstract
BackgroundPhthalates are a group of endocrine disrupting chemicals suspected to influence the immune system. The aim of this systematic review is to summarise the present knowledge on the influence of phthalates on monocyte and macrophage production and secretion of cytokines, an influence which could affect both pro- and anti-inflammatory abilities of these cells.Strategy and ResultsA systematic search was performed in Medline, Embase and Toxline in June 2013, last updated 3rd of August 2014. Criteria used to select studies were described and published beforehand online on Prospero (http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/NIHR_PROSPERO, registration number CRD42013004236). In vivo, ex vivo and in vitro studies investigating the influence of phthalates on cytokine mRNA expression and cytokine secretion in animals and humans were included. A total of 11 reports, containing 12 studies, were found eligible for inclusion. In these, a total of four different phthalate diesters, six primary metabolites (phthalate monoesters) and seven different cytokines were investigated. Though all studies varied greatly in study design and species sources, four out of five studies that investigated di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate found an increased tumour necrosis factor-α secretion/production from monocytes or macrophages. A summary of cytokine measurements was not possible since few studies were comparable in study design and due to insufficient reporting of raw data for most of the included studies.ConclusionResults from this review have suggested that at least one phthalate (di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate) has the ability to enhance tumour necrosis factor-α production/secretion from monocytes/macrophages in vitro, but also observed ex vivo. Influence of other phthalates on other cytokines has only been investigated in few studies. Thus, in vitro studies on primary human monocytes/macrophages as well as more in vivo studies are needed to confirm or dispute these findings.
Highlights
IntroductionThe effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been studied intensively
In recent years, the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been studied intensively
Results from this review have suggested that at least one phthalate has the ability to enhance tumour necrosis factor-α production/secretion from
Summary
The effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been studied intensively. Phthalates are a group of endocrine disruptors, first produced in the 1920’s, and today hundreds of million tons are produced each year [2] They are used mainly as plasticizers in materials such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), but are added in the manufacturing processes of many other products as well. The negative influence of phthalates, especially on the male reproductive system has given rise to restrictions in the use of these chemicals in children’s toys and child care products [8,10,11]. Other endocrine systems, such as the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid-axis, are under investigation for potential influence by phthalates, reviewed in [12]. The aim of this systematic review is to summarise the present knowledge on the influence of phthalates on monocyte and macrophage production and secretion of cytokines, an influence which could affect both pro- and anti-inflammatory abilities of these cells
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