Abstract
The actuating properties such as the electrostrain and piezoelectric charge coefficientd33 of thelead-free 0.854(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–0.026BaTiO3–0.12(Bi0.5K0.5)TiO3 (abbreviated as BNBK 85.4/2.6/12) ferroelectric ceramic upon manganese (Mn) orcobalt (Co) doping are investigated. These dopants are chosen to improve thesinterability and ferroelectric characteristics of BNBK 85.4/2.6/12. Intricate strainingbehaviors are observed upon Mn doping—an electrostrain of about 0.1% can bemaintained when the Mn doping amount is in between 0.5 and 1.5 mol%. Once outsidethis doping range, the induced electrostrain is considerably smaller. In contrast,for the Co-doped BNBK 85.4/2.6/12 ceramics, the values of electrostrain andd33 stay relatively constant regardless of the Co doping level. By examining the evolution ofcrystalline phase composition with increasing doping concentration, the mole content of therhombohedral phase is shown to be a critical factor in deciding the straining behaviors ofthe doped BNBK 85.4/2.6/12 ceramics. At each increasing step in Mn or Co doping level,there is a marked similarity in the evolution of the induced electrostrain and rhombohedralphase content.
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