Influence of para-substituted benzaldehyde derivatives with different push/pull electron strength groups on the conformation of human serum albumin and toxicological effects in zebrafish

Abstract

Excessive intake of benzaldehyde and its derivatives can cause irreversible damage to living organisms. Hence, benzaldehyde derivatives with different para-substitutions of push/pull electronic groups were chosen to investigate the effect of different substituent properties on the structure of human serum albumin (HSA). The binding constants, number of binding sites, major interaction forces, protein structural changes, and binding sites of benzaldehyde (BzH) and its derivatives (4-BzHD) with HSA in serum proteins were obtained based on multispectral and molecular docking techniques. The mechanism of BzH/4-BzHD interaction on HSA is mainly static quenching and is accompanied by the formation of a ground state complex. BzH/4-BzHD is bound to HSA in a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. The interaction forces for the binding of BzH/4-BzHD to HSA are mainly hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction, which are also accompanied by a small amount of electrostatic interactions. The effect of BzH/4-BzHD on HSA conformation follows: 4-Diethylaminobenzaldehyde (4-DBzH) > 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde (4-NBzH) > 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (4-HBzH) > 4-Acetaminobenzaldehyde (4-ABzH) > BzH, which means that the stronger push/pull electronic strength of the para-substituted benzaldehyde derivatives has a greater effect on HSA conformation. Furthermore, the concentration-lethality curves of different concentrations for BzH/4-BzHD on zebrafish verified above conclusion. This work provides a scientific basis for the risk assessment of benzaldehyde and its derivatives to the ecological environment and human health and for the environmental toxicological studies of benzaldehyde derivatives with different strengths of push/pull electron substitution.