Abstract
Measurements of XPS survey, core levels (N 1s, O 1s, Pb 4f, I 3d), and valence band (VB) spectra of CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) hybrid perovskite prepared on different substrates (glass, indium tin oxide (ITO), and TiO2) aged under different light-soaking conditions at room temperature are presented. The results reveal that the photochemical stability of MAPbI3 depends on the type of substrate and gradually decreases when glass is replaced by ITO and TiO2. Also, the degradation upon exposure to visible light is accompanied by the formation of MAI, PbI2, and Pb0 products as shown by XPS core levels spectra. According to XPS O 1s and VB spectra measurements, this degradation process is superimposed on the partial oxidation of lead atoms in ITO/MAPbI3 and TiO2/MAPbI3, for which Pb–O bonds are formed due to the diffusion of the oxygen ions from the substrates. This unexpected interaction leads to additional photochemical degradation.
Highlights
The possibility of using hybrid perovskites in photovoltaics was demonstrated 10 years ago [1]
It should be noted that much less attention is paid to the chemical reactions between lead iodides and oxygen ions diffused from oxide substrates or electron transport layers, which migrate under the influence of light and temperature
This issue is addressed in this article, where the photochemical stability of glass/MAPbI3, ITO/MAPbI3, and TiO2 /MAPbI3 junctions was systematically studied with the assistance of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
Summary
The possibility of using hybrid perovskites in photovoltaics was demonstrated 10 years ago [1] Since these materials have become the subject of numerous studies and still attract enormous interest due to their excellent optoelectronic properties, low manufacturing costs, tunable bandgaps, and high efficiency [2,3,4,5]. These materials have become the subject of numerous studies and still attract enormous interest due to their excellent optoelectronic properties, low manufacturing costs, tunable bandgaps, and high efficiency [2,3,4,5] These materials can be solutionprocessed at low temperature and vapor-deposited, realistically holding the promise to reach comparable efficiency as conventional thin-film photovoltaic technologies had. This issue is addressed in this article, where the photochemical stability of glass/MAPbI3 , ITO/MAPbI3 , and TiO2 /MAPbI3 junctions was systematically studied with the assistance of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
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