Influence of organic fillers on rheological behavior in phenol-formaldehyde adhesives

Abstract

Phenol-formaldehyde resoles (PF) formulated with wheat flour and organic fillers have long been established for the manufacture of veneer-based wood-composites, and yet much remains unknown about these complex fluids. The rheology of PF/filler formulations was studied as a function of filler type and particle size. Corn cob (Zea mays) residue fillers behaved differently from those made from alder bark (Alnus rubra) and walnut shell (Juglans regia). It was shown that viscoelastic network structures formed within the liquid formulations as a function of shear history, filler type, and filler particle size. The precise nature and origin of these effects is unknown but could involve disintegration of filler particle aggregates on a non-colloidal scale, and/or colloidal effects within the liquid PF medium. In the latter case colloidal structures could form among associated PF chains and also from proteins, polysaccharides, and lignins that leach from wheat flour and filler particles. Relative to alder bark and walnut shell, the unique behavior of corn cob residue was discussed with respect to chemical composition. Many implications for impact on industrial practice are feasible and should be the subject of future research.