Abstract
The development of nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB) is a goal being set for many countries for the next years. In order to achieve that goal, on-site energy generation is needed, and the use of photovoltaic and storage systems is a possible strategy. Hence, the objective of this work is to evaluate the impact that occupant behaviour has on the batteries energy storage systems (BESS) of an nZEB. This study considers as a case study an nZEB with lightweight construction, located in the university campus, and used by different occupants. The case study has 12 PVs located on the root and a second-life BESS from an electrical vehicle (EV). The monitoring system consists of interior T, RH, CO2 and energy sensors and an exterior on-site meteorological station. The research started with a state of the art review of the support policies for the on-site photovoltaic generation and energy storage. Different storage charge profiles were obtained as different occupant behaviours were applied to the test building. In total, it were considered three occupant profiles and a base scenario was the unoccupied. The occupant behaviour showed to be determinant in the state of charge of the BESS independently from the impacts in the indoor temperature. The need to know the profile of the occupants before the design of the buildings was enhanced.
Highlights
The environmental threats the world is facing require urgent solutions for sustainable and clean energy sources that can be used in construction
It can be seen that Occupancy type 4, that only allows using doors and windows operation to improve indoor temperature lead to always higher temperatures
This study analysed the impact of the energy-centric occupant behaviours into the state of charge (SoC) of the batteries energy storage systems (BESS)
Summary
The environmental threats the world is facing require urgent solutions for sustainable and clean energy sources that can be used in construction. According to the European Union 2020 climate and energy package, the target is 20% renewable energy in gross final energy consumption. To 2020, the target for Portugal of energy from renewable sources in gross final energy consumption is 31 %, and to achieve the 720 MW of solar photovoltaics (PV) systems [1]. According to the EPBD recast, minimum energy performance requirements should be set to achieve optimal cost levels for buildings, building units and building elements. Since the first recast of Directive 2002/91 / EC [5], the nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB), have received increasing attention. This type of building has energy needs that are partially met by on-site energy production, and its implementation is mandatory in Portugal from
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