Abstract
ABSTRACTSmoking is considered one of the main factors for development of dental plaque. Yeasts have been described to contribute to the plaque community. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of nicotine on the growth of planktonic cells and biofilm, cell aggregation, surface hydrophobicity, cell adherence and binding-related genes expressed by Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis in vitro. The relative number of viable fungal cells was determined based on viable plate counts. The biofilm growth was quantified using the crystal violet assay. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the regulation of selected genes associated with adherence. The results indicated that nicotine enhanced the growth of both planktonic and biofilm oral fungal cells. Cell surface hydrophobicity and the expression of Hyphal Wall Protein 1 (HWP1) and agglutinin-like sequences 3 (ALS3) of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis were found to increase relative to the nicotine concentrations. The results suggest that nicotine can enhance the growth of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis in vitro and influence their adherence to the surface of microplate wells that mimic as the tooth surface.
Highlights
Cigarette smoke contains more than 4000 types of chemicals, at least 50 of them being very carcinogenic
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of nicotine on the growth of planktonic cells and biofilm, cell aggregation, surface hydrophobicity, cell adherence and binding-related genes expressed by Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis in vitro
The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) assays were performed to determine the inhibitory effect caused by nicotine on planktonic and biofilm growth of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis
Summary
Cigarette smoke contains more than 4000 types of chemicals, at least 50 of them being very carcinogenic. 6%–30% of the cigarette content is constituted by nicotine, an alkaloid in cigarette smoke. A stick of cigarette contains 9–30 mg of nicotine; the nicotine absorbed in the body by inhalation through smoking is about 0.5–2 mg per cigarette [1]. This amount is low, it is sufficient to cause many serious illnesses (e.g. cancer), heart problems and abortion as well as other health problems. Nicotine can stimulate oral biofilm formation and influence cell metabolism of biofilm microorganisms. There are still questions about how nicotine increases the metabolic activity of microorganisms in the oral cavity [3]
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