Abstract
Abstract The interest in underwater resources is the reason for the development of modern hydroacoustic systems, including side sonars, which find numerous applications such as: research of seabed morphology and sediment characteristics, preparation of sea sediment maps, and even in special cases of biocenoses such as sea grass meadows, detection of specific targets at the bottom such as shipwrecks, mines, identification of suitable sites for maritime infrastructure. Such applications require precise information about the position of the objects to be observed. Errors affecting the depiction of the bottom using hydroacoustic systems can be divided into errors associated with improper operation of measuring and support devices, systematic errors and random errors. Systematic errors result from the changing conditions prevailing in the analyzed environment affecting the measurement system. The errors affecting the correct operation of hydroacoustic systems can include: changing angle of inclination of the beam caused by the vessel’s movement on the wave or refraction connected to changes in the sound speed as the depth function.
Highlights
The basic task of hydroacoustic devices are used to observe the underwater environment [1, 2, 8, 9, 14, 15]
The Baltic Sea is characterized by variable hydrological conditions during the year affecting hydroacoustic conditions of the basin [3, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 19]
The relationships described in the formulas (3), (4), (5) have been used to assess the change in radiation surface of the acoustic wave and the change in the range of hydroacoustic devices
Summary
The basic task of hydroacoustic devices are used to observe the underwater environment [1, 2, 8, 9, 14, 15]. The largest differences are observed in the surface layer, because the sound speed is most dependent on the temperature of the water, which changes according to the seasons. Side scan sonars allows to obtain a high distinguishability of objects thanks to a suitably shaped beam, which is very narrow in the horizontal plane (from 0.5 ̊ to 2 ̊), and wide in the vertical plane (30 ̊ - 75 ̊) (Fig. 2). Hard bottom with high acoustic impedance disperses more backward energy This affects the diversity of the acoustic image for different geological structures (Fig. 4). An important role is played by environmental factors such as the spatial distribution of temperature, salinity, water density, which determines the spatial distribution of the sound speed, and the refraction of the acoustic beam. The course and speed, as well as the movement caused by the waving of the sea surface of the sonar antenna in relation to the bottom and antenna, distance from the bottom are the factors influencing the quality of sonar data
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