Abstract
Research on the influence of relationships among satiety, muscle mass, and outdoor environmental factors is sparse. In this work the relationships among satiety feeling, body composition, and outdoor environmental factors on eating in healthy young Japanese women are investigated. Fifty three (53) women were examined over an approximately 2-year period. All participants ate the same lunch; feelings of satiety and body composition were measured before and immediately after lunch. Satiety was assessed using a visual analog scale. Outdoor environmental factors were recorded at the time of measurement. Results showed that satiety before lunch decreased with increased muscle mass and decreased humidity (p < 0.05). The Δ satiety increased on eating with increased outdoor temperature (p < 0.05). The Δ satiety with high outdoor temperature was significantly greater than with low outdoor temperature (p = 0.005). Decreased muscle mass more influenced Δ satiety with respect to outdoor temperature than increased muscle mass (p = 0.007). The results suggest that increased muscle mass and decreased humidity increase hunger (unlike satiety) before eating. The findings also show that outdoor temperature clearly influences the magnitude of satiety on eating. Increasing muscle mass may be useful for satiety control at various outdoor temperatures in young women.
Highlights
Satiety may be characterized as sensitivity fullness and by how quickly an individual feels full after eating; or it could be characterized as to how long a person feels full before they want to start eating again [1,2]
A recent study of children showed that muscle mass is predictive of decreases in satiety responsiveness; fat mass is predictive of increases in food responsiveness and desire to eat [2]
Steinsbekk et al showed that muscle mass predicts mass predicts a decrease in satiety responsiveness and fat mass predicts an increase in food a decrease in satiety responsiveness and fat mass predicts an increase in food responsiveness in responsiveness in childhood
Summary
Satiety may be characterized as sensitivity fullness and by how quickly an individual feels full after eating; or it could be characterized as to how long a person feels full before they want to start eating again [1,2]. Fat mass and skeletal muscle mass are important factors in appetite regulation [5,6,7]. Reduction of fat mass in overweight and obese women results in increased appetite and decreased fullness [8]. Studies have implicated fat-free mass and skeletal muscle mass in appetite regulation [7,8]. A recent study of children showed that muscle mass is predictive of decreases in satiety responsiveness; fat mass is predictive of increases in food responsiveness and desire to eat [2]. Studies have suggested that muscle mass increases energy needs, which results in upregulation of appetite [4,5,9]. Further clarification is required about the relationship between muscle mass and fat mass and appetite regulation
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