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Abstract
The numerical investigations of hybrid ferrofluid flow with magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and heat source/sink effects are examined in this research. The sheet is assumed to stretch or shrink exponentially near the stagnation region. Two dissimilar magnetic nanoparticles, namely cobalt ferrite, CoFe2O4 and magnetite, Fe3O4, are considered with water as a based fluid. Utilizing the suitable similarity transformation, the governing equations are reduced to an ordinary differential equation (ODE). The converted ODEs are numerically solved with the aid of bvp4c solver from Matlab. The influences of varied parameters on velocity profile, skin friction coefficient, temperature profile and local Nusselt number are demonstrated graphically. The analysis evident the occurrence of non-unique solution for a shrinking sheet and it is confirmed from the analysis of stability that only the first solution is the stable solution. It is also found that for a stronger heat source, heat absorption is likely to happen at the sheet. Further, hybrid ferrofluid intensifies the heat transfer rate compared to ferrofluid. Moreover, the boundary layer separation is bound to happen faster with an increment of magnetic parameter, while it delays when CoFe2O4 nanoparticle volume fraction increases.
Highlights
Ferrofluids or magnetic colloids are made by disseminating magnetic nanoparticles like cobalt ferrite CoFe2O4, hematite Fe2O3, magnetite Fe3O4 and many other nanometersized particles containing iron in the base fluid [1]; as a result, these particles have a dipolar interaction energy and magnetic moment in the base fluid
Nanofluid comprises only one nanoparticle whereas the hybrid nanofluid comprises two distinct nanoparticles disseminated in a base fluid [9]
The outcomes demonstrated that the prepared hybrid nanofluid for a concentration of 2% nanoparticle volume fraction increase its thermal conductivity by 12.11%
Summary
Ferrofluids or magnetic colloids are made by disseminating magnetic nanoparticles like cobalt ferrite CoFe2O4, hematite Fe2O3, magnetite Fe3O4 and many other nanometersized particles containing iron in the base fluid [1]; as a result, these particles have a dipolar interaction energy and magnetic moment in the base fluid. Armaghani et al [23] scrutinized the generation/absorption of heat and MHD in their investigation of hybrid nanofluid in an L-shaped cavity They deduced that using the highest number of sink power results in the best heat transfer. This method was found to be robust and consistent, showing superiority over the shooting method The goal of this investigation is to scrutinize the heat generation/absorption of MHD hybrid ferrofluid (CoFe2O4–Fe3O4/water) flow instigated by an exponentially deformable sheet. The occurrence of two solutions motivates us to identify the stable and unstable solutions by performing the stability analysis This theoretical study would help engineers who are experimentally working on hybrid ferrofluids, and the findings are expected to reduce the cost of future experiments. The physical characteristics of the base fluid and the nanosized particles are shown in Table 2 (Abbas and Sheikh [7], Oztop and Abu-Nada [43], Sheikholeslami et al [44], Tlili et al [45])
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