Abstract
Herein, we present a study focused on the determination of the influence of long-distance (53 km) bicycle riding on levels of chosen biochemical urinary and serum prostate cancer (PCa) biomarkers total prostate-specific antigen (tPSA), free PSA (fPSA) and sarcosine. Fourteen healthy participants with no evidence of prostate diseases, in the age range from 49–57 years with a median of 52 years, underwent physical exercise (mean race time of 150 ± 20 min, elevation increase of 472 m) and pre- and post-ride blood/urine sampling. It was found that bicycle riding resulted in elevated serum uric acid (p = 0.001, median 271.76 vs. 308.44 µmol/L pre- and post-ride, respectively), lactate (p = 0.01, median 2.98 vs. 4.8 mmol/L) and C-reactive protein (p = 0.01, 0.0–0.01 mg/L). It is noteworthy that our work supports the studies demonstrating an increased PSA after mechanical manipulation of the prostate. The subjects exhibited either significantly higher post-ride tPSA (p = 0.002, median 0.69 vs. 1.1 ng/mL pre- and post-ride, respectively) and fPSA (p = 0.028, median 0.25 vs. 0.35 ng/mL). Contrary to that, sarcosine levels were not significantly affected by physical exercise (p = 0.20, median 1.64 vs. 1.92 µmol/mL for serum sarcosine, and p = 0.15, median 0.02 µmol/mmol of creatinine vs. 0.01 µmol/mmol of creatinine for urinary sarcosine). Taken together, our pilot study provides the first evidence that the potential biomarker of PCa—sarcosine does not have a drawback by means of a bicycle riding-induced false positivity, as was shown in the case of PSA.
Highlights
Mechanical stimulation of prostate is a generally-accepted interfering factor for the detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level [1], but the available data are controversial
Mejak and coworkers demonstrated that cycling causes a significant increase in total PSA level when measured within 5 min post-cycling [3], whereas similar results were achieved in other studies [4,5,6,7]
In the examination of Prostate Cancer (PCa) biomarkers, the study design resulted in an increase of both analyzed forms of PSA
Summary
Mechanical stimulation of prostate is a generally-accepted interfering factor for the detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level [1], but the available data are controversial. Mejak and coworkers demonstrated that cycling causes a significant increase in total PSA level when measured within 5 min post-cycling [3], whereas similar results were achieved in other studies [4,5,6,7]. N[1e6v].eSrtinhceeleistss,fitrostthmeenbteisotnoifno2u0r09k[n1o7w], lseadrgcoes, itnheehreasisbeneon winovrekstaigvaatieldabalse arengiamrdpionrgtawnht eotnhceormtheetaubroinliater.yAasndthseeaructmivaletvioenlsooffmsaertcaobsoinliesmardeuinrifnlugeinncteednsbey, plornoglo-dngisetdan, cmeubsiccuylcaler aricdtiivnigt.y is limited by the properties of the transport functions of blood, it can be hypothesized that sarcoOsiunre cmurerteanbtoloibsmjecmtivigehwt abse tihmepreafiorreedtboydseutecrhmainkeintdheoifnpflhuyesniccaeloefxleorncigs-ed.isNtaenvceertbhieclyecslse, rtiodtinhge boenstthoef oluerveklnsoowflesderguem, thferreeeisPnSoAw(ofPrkSAav),aitloatballe PreSgAar(dtiPnSgAw) haentdhesratrhceousirnine.arMy oarnedovseerru, mtolegveetlsthoef smaracxoimsinuemaraeminofluunet nocfeidnfboyrmloantgio-dni,sbtaonthcembaictyriccleesrwideinreg.subjected to biochemical analyses, including aminOouarccidurrpeanttteorbnjiencgti.veOwvearsatllh,etrhefeordeistpoadreittieersmiinnebtihoechinemfluiceanlcebioofmloanrgk-edrisstianncpereb-icaynclde rpidosint-griodne tshpeecleimveelnssoafrseerhuigmhlfirgehetPedS.A (fPSA), total PSA (tPSA) and sarcosine. The disparities in biochemical biomarkers in pre- and post-ride specimens are highlighted
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