Influence of Irrigated Agriculture on Soil Carbon and Microbial Community Structure

Abstract

Increasing the amount of carbon (C) in soils is one method to reduce the concentration of carbon dixoide (CO2) in the atmosphere. We measured organic C stored in southern Idaho soils having long-term cropping histories that supported native sagebrush vegetation (NSB), irrigated moldboard plowed crops (IMP), irrigated conservation-chisel-tilled crops (ICT), and irrigated pasture systems (IP). The CO2 emitted as a result of fertilizer production, farm operations, and CO2 lost via dissolved carbonate in irrigation water, over a 30-year period, was estimated and used to calculate net C fixation. Organic C in ecosystems decreased in the order IP>ICT>IMP> NSB. In February 2001, active fungal, bacterial, and microbial biomass was greater in IP soils than all other soils. Active fungal, bacterial, and microbial biomass was least in ICT soils at the 15–30-cm depth than all other soils. In August 2001, active bacterial biomass was greater in IMP soils than IP, ICT, and NSB soils. Active fungal biomass was greater in IP soils than all other soils. Whole-soil fatty acid profiles differed among management regimes and sampling dates and, to a lesser extent, with soil depth. FAME profiles from the NSB soils were distinct from the agricultural treatments and contained greater amounts of total fatty acids than the other treatments. The IMP and ICT soils yielded fatty acid profiles that were similar to each other, although those at the 15–30-cm depth were distinct from all other treatment-depth combinations. The IP FAME profiles suggest that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are more common in these soils than soils from the other treatments. Differences in carbon substrate utilization patterns (BIOLOG) among treatments were more variable and less pronounced that FAME results. In general, irrigated arid soils can both increase C storage while increasing microbial biomass and changing microbial diversity.