Abstract
The experiment was conducted on research field of Sinana Agricultural Research center and Goro sub site in the highlands of Bale, south eastern Ethiopia under rain fed conditions during main cropping season of 2018 and 2019 to evaluate the integrated effects of pre-emergence (Dual gold 960 EC), post emergence (Gallant super) herbicides and hand weeding frequencies on yield and yield components of chick pea. The experiment consisted of eight weed management options; sole dual gold 960 EC, dual gold 960 EC + one time hand weeding at two weeks after crop emergence, and dual gold 960 EC at four weeks after crop emergence, sole gallant super, gallant super and one time hand weeding, weedy check, one time hand weeding at two weeks after crop emergence and two times hand weeding at two and four weeks after crop emergence along with two varieties (Dhera and Habru) laid out in randomized complete block (RCBD) with three replications. Analysis of variance showed that a significant difference in number of branches per plant, biological yield (kg ha<sup>-1</sup>), and grain yield (kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) were observed on different herbicidal treatments and hand weeding at Sinana while at Goro significant effects of integrated weed management were observed on dry matter, plant height, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index. The remains parameters studied at both locations were no significant for the treatments studied. The highest net return obtained from the application of 1.5 lit ha<sup>-1</sup> dual gold 960 EC integrated with hand weeding at four weeks after crop emergence while the highest net return at Goro was obtained from two times hand weeding at two and four weeks after crop emergence and hence can be recommended for the end users. Moreover, similar experiments should be carried out in different cold and warmer regions of chickpea potential areas of the zone to confirm the present findings.
Highlights
Chickpea is widely grown around the world and serves as a multi-use crop
The experiment consisted of eight weed management options: weedy check, one time hand weeding at two weeks after crop emergence, two times hand weeding at two and four weeks after crop emergence, sole dual gold 960 EC, dual gold 960 EC + one time hand weeding at two weeks after crop emergence, and dual gold 960 EC at four weeks after crop emergence, sole gallant super, gallant super and one time hand weeding laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications
The analysis of variance showed that days to maturity, number of branches per plant, plant height, number of seeds per boll, thousand seed weight and harvest index were not significantly influenced by weed management methods and the effect due to variety were not significant for days to maturity, branches per plant, bolls per plant, and number of seeds per boll and grain yield
Summary
Chickpea is widely grown around the world and serves as a multi-use crop It plays a significant role in improving soil fertility by fixing the atmospheric nitrogen. Chickpea has the ability to grow on residual moisture [10] which gives farmers the opportunity to engage in double cropping, where chickpea is sown at the end of the rainy season following the harvest of the main crop. This allows more intensive and productive use of land, in areas where land is scarce. The national average yield of chickpea is 1.7 t ha-1 [3], which is far below the potential yield of 4.5 t
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