Abstract
Two separate forms of application of silver and copper nanoparticles (AgNP and CuNP in a nanocolloidal suspension) to winter oilseed rape seeds were used: (1) seed soaking (S) for 1 h at 20 °C in a NP suspension and (2) additional seed soaking and spraying plants 21-day-old seedlings (SP) with NP. The AgNP and CuNP colloidal suspensions in sterile distilled water were applied in three different NP concentrations (50, 100, 150 mg L−1). However, the changes in the biology and biochemistry of the Brassica napus rhizospheric soil after the application of CuNPs and AgNPs are not considerable, although mostly statistically significant, and the application of CuNPs is more beneficial for this activity than the application of AgNPs. The number of CFUs (colony–forming units) of the tested groups of culturable microorganisms (fungi and copiotrophic, oligotrophic, and siderophore-producing bacteria) indicates the following trend: the abundance of all the tested groups was slightly positively correlated with CuNPs and clearly negatively correlated with AgNPs in each version of application. The soil pH value and tested biochemical soil parameters (IAA: indole-3-acetic acid, PhC: phenolic compounds, FeCC: Fe–chelating compounds) were negatively correlated with AgNPs applied to the seeds (S) at all the tested concentrations and to the seeds and plants (SP) at the concentration of 50 mg L−1. In turn, these parameters were strongly positively correlated with CuNPs applied to the S and SP groups at the concentration of 50 mg L−1 as well as Ag applied to SP at 100 mg L−1. Decrease in dehydrogenase activity (DHA) was lower after the application of CuNPs and AgNPs in S than in the SP way, and the DHA activity was equal to the activity in the control sample after the CuNP application in 100 and 150 mg L−1 concentrations.
Highlights
Nanotechnology has the potential to solve various problems of conventional agriculture and contribute to considerable modernization thereof [1]
In the soil in which the seeds soaked in AgNPs were seeded, a significant reduction was observed compared to the pH value in the control soil
L−1)Lby soaking the seeds and spraying rape plants plants has an impact on the biological and biochemical properties of the Brassica has an impact on the biological activityactivity and biochemical properties of the Brassica napus napus rhizospheric soil, but the changes that occur in the biology and biochemistry of the rhizospheric soil, but the changes that occur in the biology and biochemistry of the rhizorhizospheric soil not considerable, statistically significant, the spheric soil are notare considerable, mostlymostly statistically significant, and theand appliapplication of CuNPs is more beneficial activity than the applicationofofAgNPs
Summary
Nanotechnology has the potential to solve various problems of conventional agriculture and contribute to considerable modernization thereof [1]. Products with silver (AgNP) and copper (CuNP) nanoparticles available on the market can potentially be used in agriculture due to their strong impact exceeding that of the classic bactericidal and antifungal agents [10]. They have received great interest due to their antiviral potential [11]. The wide use of nanomaterials and nanoparticles encourages the analysis of their impact on human health and the natural environment, including soil, plants, and accompanying microorganisms [12,13] Nanoscale agrochemicals, such as nanofertilizers and nanopesticides, have changed traditional agropractices [14]. Fertilization preparations based on NPs are usually introduced directly into the soil, and the concentration range of NPs introduced into the soil is very wide, for example: TiO2 NPs were applied at concentrations of 2.5–40 μg g−1 (mg kg−1 ) soil [16], while ZnONPs, Cr2 O3 NPs, CuONPs, and NiNPs at a dose of 10–1000 μg g−1 (mg kg−1 )
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