Abstract
Abstract. The influence of soil moisture initial conditions on the climate extreme indices over West Africa was investigated using the fourth generation of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics regional climate model (non-hydrostatic) coupled with version 4.5 of the Community Land Model (RegCM4–CLM4.5) at a 25 km spatial resolution. We initialized the control experiments with the reanalysis soil moisture data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis of the 20th century (ERA-20C), while we initialized the dry and wet experiments with the maximum and minimum soil moisture values over the West Africa domain, respectively. For each experiment, an ensemble of five runs was performed for 5 years (2001–2005) with soil moisture initial conditions for the runs prescribed on 1 June and the simulations being performed over 4 months (122 d) from June to September. The performance of RegCM4–CLM4.5 with respect to simulating the 10 extreme rainfall and temperature indices used in this study is presented. The results are then discussed for the two idealized simulations that are most sensitive to the dry and wet soil moisture initial conditions in order to highlight the impacts beyond the limits of soil moisture internal forcing in the model. Over the Central Sahel, dry (wet) experiments lead to a decrease (increase) in precipitation extreme indices related to the number of events, but this was not seen for indices related to the intensity of the events. Soil moisture initial conditions unequally affect the daily minimum and maximum temperatures. The strongest impact is found on the maximum temperature: wet (dry) experiments decrease (increase) the maximum temperature over the whole region. Over the Central Sahel, wet (dry) experiments lead to a decrease (increase) in the maximum values of the minimum temperature.
Highlights
West Africa experienced large rainfall variability during the late 1960s
This paper is organized as follows: Sect. 2 describes the RegCM4 model, the experimental design and the methodology used in this study; Sect. 3 presents the assessment of RegCM4–CLM4.5 with respect to extreme climate simulation and the impacts of the soil moisture initial conditions on climate extremes; and Sect. 4 documents the conclusions
We first evaluated the performance of RegCM4– CLM4.5 with respect to representing these climate extreme indices over West Africa
Summary
West Africa experienced large rainfall variability during the late 1960s. This variability often leads to flooding events, severe drought and regional heat waves, which have major economic, environmental and societal impacts (Easterling et al, 2000; Larsen, 2003). Over Asia, Liu et al (2014) studied the impact of soil moisture anomalies on subsequent precipitation and temperature using a regional climate model They showed that numerical wet (dry) experiments decrease (increase) the hot extremes, decrease (increase) the drought extremes and increase (decrease) the cold extremes in a zone with strong soil moisture– atmospheric coupling. None of these studies examined the impacts of the soil moisture initial conditions on subsequent climate extremes using a regional climate model over West Africa. This paper is organized as follows: Sect. 2 describes the RegCM4 model, the experimental design and the methodology used in this study; Sect. 3 presents the assessment of RegCM4–CLM4.5 with respect to extreme climate simulation and the impacts of the soil moisture initial conditions on climate extremes; and Sect. 4 documents the conclusions
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