Influence of hadronic bound states aboveTcon heavy-quark observables in Pb + Pb collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider

Abstract

We investigate how the possible existence of hadronic bound states above the deconfinement transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ affects heavy-quark observables, such as the nuclear modification factor, the elliptic flow, and azimuthal correlations. Lattice QCD calculations suggest that above ${T}_{c}$ the effective degrees of freedom might not be exclusively partonic but that a certain fraction of hadronic degrees of freedom might already form at higher temperatures. This is an interesting question by itself but also has a strong influence on other probes of the strongly interacting matter produced in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. A substantial fraction of hadronic bound states above ${T}_{c}$ reduces on average the interaction of the heavy quarks with colored constituents of the medium. We find that all studied observables are highly sensitive to the active degrees of freedom in the quark-gluon plasma.