Abstract
The impact of intestinal microbiota on mucosal antibody response to the polio vaccine is poorly understood. We examined changes in vaccine-induced intestinal mucosal immunity to poliovirus by measuring the immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody levels in stool samples collected from 107 infants in China, and the samples were collected 14 days after different sequential vaccinations combining inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Gut microbiota were identified using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing 28 days before, 14 days before, and at the last dose of OPV. Vaccine-induced type 2-specific mucosal IgA showed a decrease after switching from trivalent to bivalent OPV (bOPV) (positive rate of polio type 2-specific mucosal IgA, 16.7%, 11.8%, and 45.9% for IPV + 2bOPV, 2IPV + bOPV, and 2IPV + trivalent OPV groups, respectively). The composition of the gut microbiome was significantly different, a higher abundance of Firmicutes and a lower abundance of Actinobacteria were observed in IgA-negative infant (n = 66) compared with IgA-positive infants (n = 39), and the gut microbiota were more diverse in IgA-negative infants on the day of OPV inoculation. The abundance of Clostridia was concomitant with a significantly lower conversion rate of mucosal IgA responses to the polio vaccine. The composition of the gut microbiome may affect the intestinal mucosal IgA response to the polio vaccine.
Highlights
The Global Polio Eradication Initiative has reached a new stage
The number of cases caused by wild poliovirus has decreased dramatically, the Sabin-attenuated strains originating from the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) have the potential to regain their neurovirulence and transmission characteristics, leading to vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) and circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus[1]
At 2 weeks after the third dose of poliovirus vaccine immunization, vaccine-induced mucosal immunity was analyzed by measuring immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody levels of stool samples in 107 of 120 infants vaccinated with three different sequential immunizations: inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) + 2bOPV, 2IPV + bivalent OPV (bOPV), or 2IPV + trivalent oral polio vaccine (tOPV), which represented ~10% of the infants in the above trial, 13 infants were lost
Summary
The Global Polio Eradication Initiative has reached a new stage. Wild poliovirus type 2 (PV2) was eliminated worldwide in 1999, and no cases of wild PV3 have been reported since the end of 2012. To overcome VAPP and cVDPV, after April 2016, Sabin 2 from the trivalent oral polio vaccine (tOPV) was removed, and at least one dose of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) was introduced. Compared with IPV, OPV induces poliovirus-specific serum antibodies, and induces a high level of intestinal immunity to prevent the fecal–oral spread of poliovirus, which is the primary transmission route. Several studies indicated that after one-dose challenge with monovalent OPV type 2, only a few infants who had received three doses of tOPV showed viral shedding. More than half of the infants who had received three doses of bivalent OPV (bOPV) or bOPV–IPV showed viral shedding. Mucosal type 2-specific antibodies can be induced in infants who receive OPV type 2, thereby influencing viral shedding[3]. The enhancement of vaccine mucosal immunity warrants further attention
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