Abstract
There is little information on the in vitro tissue culture systems in Lamprocapnos spectabilis (bleeding heart). The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of plant growth regulators (PGRs) on the development, quality, and physiological state of in vitro-grown bleeding heart “Gold Heart” and “White Gold”. Single-node explants were inoculated on the modified MS medium (Murashige and Skoog in Physiol Plant 15:473–497, 1962), fortified with different auxins, which included indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and picloram (PIC), along with cytokinins, which included 6-benzyladenine (BA), kinetin (KIN), and thidiazuron (TDZ) at various concentrations. The morphogenetic response of the explants was cultivar-specific. KIN was preferable for the proliferation and development of shoots in “Gold Heart.” However, none of the auxins or cytokinins improved the development of “White Gold” explants, compared with the PGR-free control medium. NAA was the most effective for stimulating rhizogenesis in both cultivars, although IAA resulted in the regeneration of the longest roots. TDZ, NAA, and PIC suppressed the development of shoots in both cultivars tested and stimulated abundant callus formation. Indirect regeneration of somatic embryos occurred on the NAA- and PIC-fortified media. In particular, the latter media stimulated regeneration of the highest number of somatic embryos per nodal segment. Composition of the culture medium also affected the levels of primary and secondary metabolites in shoots and callus of L. spectabilis. IAA (at 1.0 mg L−1) stimulated the synthesis of chlorophyll a and carotenoids in the “Gold Heart,” while BA and KIN (at 0.5 mg L−1) had a negative impact on the concentration of chlorophyll b in the shoots of this cultivar. None of the PGRs increased the level of the pigments in the shoots of bleeding heart “White Gold.” The concentration of chlorophylls and carotenoids in the callus of both cultivars tested was significantly lower compared with the shoots; however, callus was abundant in flavanols.
Highlights
Lamprocapnos spectabilis (L.) Fukuhara or bleeding heart is a popular herbaceous perennial, native to northeast Asia (Roberts et al 1995)
Development of shoots and callogenesis efficiency The highest number of bleeding heart “Gold Heart” shoots produced by a single explant (3.3), with the greatest number of leaves (22.9), was found on the medium fortified with 0.5 mg L−1 KIN (Table 1; Fig. 1c)
It is difficult to induce somatic embryogenesis in some woody plants (Guan et al 2016). It is highly efficient with Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad to generate true type clones (Ramakrishna and Shasthree 2016) and in large-scale and synchronic production of Anthurium andraeanum Lind. seedlings (Wang et al 2019). These results suggest that Lamprocapnos spectabilis may be classified as a species with high embryogenetic potential, as somatic embryos were induced, in the medium supplemented with a low concentration of PIC and in the “Gold Heart” cultivar with common and affordable naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA)
Summary
Lamprocapnos spectabilis (L.) Fukuhara or bleeding heart is a popular herbaceous perennial, native to northeast Asia (Roberts et al 1995). It is a temperate, long-day shade plant species (Hodges 2012). Based on DNA sequencing and pollen and seed coat anatomy observations, the species was reclassified in 1997 in the small botanical family – Fumariaceae (previously Papaveraceae) (Lidén et al 1997). At the base of each outer flower petal is a spur, which holds nectar from the glands. The nectar is abundant in nitrogenous secondary metabolites, such as berberine, cheilantifoline, coptisine, scoulerine, and other isoquinolines, which are valuable for medical use (Iwasa and Kim 1997; McNulty et al 2007)
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