Influence of glutamine synthetase gene polymorphisms on the development of hyperammonemia during valproic acid-based therapy

Abstract

PurposeValproic acid (VPA), which is widely used to treat epilepsy, migraine, and bipolar disorder, can causes severe hyperammonemia. However, the mechanism responsible for this adverse effect is not readily apparent. We previously reported that phenytoin coadministration is a strong risk factor for the development of hyperammonemia during VPA-based therapy. In this study, we focused on glutamine synthetase, which catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia and examined the association with the development of hyperammonemia during VPA-based therapy. MethodsFor this study, we recruited 202 Japanese pediatric patients having epilepsy. We selected three polymorphisms (rs10911070, rs10797771, and rs10911021) in the glutamine synthetase (GLUL) gene. Hyperammonemia was defined as a plasma ammonia level exceeding 200 or 170μg/dL. We evaluated the association between the development of hyperammonemia during VPA-based therapy and the patient characteristics, including three GLUL polymorphisms. ResultsThe number of patients who developed hyperammonemia during VPA-based therapy was 20 (9.9%) using the 200μg/dL cutoff value and 30 (14.9%) using the 170μg/dL cutoff value. Using a multivariate logistic regression analysis, the GLUL rs10797771 polymorphism and phenytoin coadministration in the 200μg/dL cutoff value, and female in addition to two factors in the 170μg/dL cutoff value, had significant associations with a plasma ammonia level elevation during VPA-based therapy. ConclusionPhenytoin coadministration, GLUL rs10797771 polymorphism in the 200μg/dL cutoff value, and female in addition to two factors in the 170μg/dL cutoff value, are independent risk factors for elevated plasma ammonia levels during VPA-based therapy.