Abstract
Background The gastrocnemius-soleus (G-S) muscle complex, the most dominant extrinsic plantar flexor, plays an important role in the normal weight-bearing function of the foot. The stability and stance-phase placement of the foot can be adversely affected when muscular loads/support are abnormal (e.g. equinus contracture) [1]. This study aims to formulate a three-dimensional musculoskeletal finite element (FE) model of the foot to quantify
Highlights
The gastrocnemius-soleus (G-S) muscle complex, the most dominant extrinsic plantar flexor, plays an important role in the normal weight-bearing function of the foot
The required muscle forces were inversely determined from what would be necessary to generate the targeted ground reaction forces corresponding to known boundary conditions
This baseline model served as a reference for subsequent parametric analysis
Summary
The gastrocnemius-soleus (G-S) muscle complex, the most dominant extrinsic plantar flexor, plays an important role in the normal weight-bearing function of the foot. The stability and stance-phase placement of the foot can be adversely affected when muscular loads/support are abnormal (e.g. equinus contracture) [1]. This study aims to formulate a three-dimensional musculoskeletal finite element (FE) model of the foot to quantify the influence of G-S muscle force on forefoot metatarsal head (MTH) load distribution
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