Influence of frost and local stiffness variations on the strain mode shapes of a steel arch bridge

Abstract

Natural frequencies are probably the most widely used modal characteristics in vibration-based monitoring. However, they can be highly influenced by temperature and this influence can completely mask the effect of even severe damage. This translates into a necessity for time-consuming data-normalization techniques to remove the influence of temperature and identify damage. Displacement mode shapes of homogeneous material structures are less influenced by temperature, but obtaining them in a dense grid, which is required for damage localization, is cumbersome due to the large number of sensors needed. Strain mode shapes on the other hand can be insensitive to temperature variations, while obtaining them in a dense grid is possible when fiber-optic sensors such as fiber-Bragg gratings (FBG) are used. This work presents the results of the continuous monitoring of a steel railway bridge for a period of almost two years, where modal data were collected for a wide temperature range. The bridge is instrumented with eighty FBG strain sensors, multiplexed in four fibers. The natural frequencies and strain mode shapes of ten modes have been automatically identified from operational strain time histories, on an hourly basis. A clear influence of temperature on the natural frequency of most modes is identified, especially during frost periods. On the contrary, the strain mode shapes are mostly insensitive to temperature changes and only these of some higher-order modes are slightly and uniformly influenced when frost occurs. This behavior is confirmed also by a finite element model (FE) of the bridge. Furthermore, the FE model is used to investigate the influence of local stiffness changes on the modal characteristics. A clear and local change of the modal strain amplitude is observed at the location of the reduced stiffness, especially when information from all modes is combined in a sensitive damage index.