Influence of Fire Mosaics, Habitat Characteristics and Cattle Disturbance on Mammals in Fire-Prone Savanna Landscapes of the Northern Kimberley.

Ian J Radford,Ben Corey,Lesley A Gibson,Richard Fairman,Karin Carnes,Christopher Carcaillet

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130721

Abstract

Patch mosaic burning, in which fire is used to produce a mosaic of habitat patches representative of a range of fire histories (‘pyrodiversity’), has been widely advocated to promote greater biodiversity. However, the details of desired fire mosaics for prescribed burning programs are often unspecified. Threatened small to medium-sized mammals (35 g to 5.5 kg) in the fire-prone tropical savannas of Australia appear to be particularly fire-sensitive. Consequently, a clear understanding of which properties of fire mosaics are most instrumental in influencing savanna mammal populations is critical. Here we use mammal capture data, remotely sensed fire information (i.e. time since last fire, fire frequency, frequency of late dry season fires, diversity of post-fire ages in 3 km radius, and spatial extent of recently burnt, intermediate and long unburnt habitat) and structural habitat attributes (including an index of cattle disturbance) to examine which characteristics of fire mosaics most influence mammals in the north-west Kimberley. We used general linear models to examine the relationship between fire mosaic and habitat attributes on total mammal abundance and richness, and the abundance of the most commonly detected species. Strong negative associations of mammal abundance and richness with frequency of late dry season fires, the spatial extent of recently burnt habitat (post-fire age <1 year within 3 km radius) and level of cattle disturbance were observed. Shrub cover was positively related to both mammal abundance and richness, and availability of rock crevices, ground vegetation cover and spatial extent of ≥4 years unburnt habitat were all positively associated with at least some of the mammal species modelled. We found little support for diversity of post-fire age classes in the models. Our results indicate that both a high frequency of intense late dry season fires and extensive, recently burnt vegetation are likely to be detrimental to mammals in the north Kimberley. A managed fire mosaic that reduces large scale and intense fires, including the retention of ≥4 years unburnt patches, will clearly benefit savanna mammals. We also highlighted the importance of fire mosaics that retain sufficient shelter for mammals. Along with fire, it is clear that grazing by introduced herbivores also needs to be reduced so that habitat quality is maintained.

Highlights

Patch mosaic burning (PMB), in which fire is used to produce a mosaic of habitat patches representative of a range of fire histories (‘pyrodiversity’), has been widely advocated to promote greater biodiversity [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]
A carnivorous marsupial, was the most highly detected species with 62 individuals captured at 13 sites and the abundance of this species was modelled
Fire mosaic attributes with the greatest support in terms of influencing mammal abundance and richness in the North Kimberley study area were frequency of late dry season fires and the extent of recently burnt habitat within the surrounding 3 km of study sites

Summary

Introduction

Patch mosaic burning (PMB), in which fire is used to produce a mosaic of habitat patches representative of a range of fire histories (‘pyrodiversity’), has been widely advocated to promote greater biodiversity [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]. The premise of PMB is that greatest biodiversity values will be maintained where habitat of varying post-fire intervals, fire frequencies and intensities is available to biota at an appropriate patch size. This is an extension of the habitat mosaic complexity hypothesis, that habitat complexity promotes biodiversity [6]. Low sample size makes it difficult to statistically describe patterns, and the level of replication necessary to detect patterns may be difficult to achieve given logistical and financial constraints [20] It is unclear what mechanisms underlie responses to fire [21], [22], [23], [14]. Within a given fire mosaic, mammals can respond to changes in food availability [24], [13], changes in vegetation structure and increased predator-prey interactions [25], [14], [26], [27], or to long term losses of key habitat attributes such as tree hollows, productivity and vegetation cover and complexity [25], [28], [29], [30]

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