Influence of Female Sex Hormones on Ultra-Running Performance and Post-Race Recovery: Role of Testosterone.

Eladio Collado-Boira,María Muriach,Ignacio Martínez-Navarro,Bárbara Hernando,Paula Recacha-Ponce,Carlos Hernando,Pablo Baliño,Ana Boldo-Roda

doi:10.3390/ijerph181910403

Abstract

In recent years, increasing numbers of women have participated in extremely long races. In adult males, there is a clear association between physiological levels of endogenous sex hormones and physical performance. However, the influence of plasmatic sex hormones and the effects of different types of hormonal contraception (HC) on the modulation of physical performance in adult females remain to be fully clarified. Eighteen female ultra-endurance athletes were recruited to participate in the study. Different variables were studied, including hematological parameters, body mass index, and body composition. Strength measurements were obtained using the squat-jump and hand-grip test. A repeated-measures analysis demonstrated significant differences in hematological values of CK and LDH pre-race as compared to immediately post-race and after 24/48 h. Furthermore, statistical differences were found in squat-jump and hand-grip test results after the ultramarathon. Testosterone, estradiol, and the testosterone/estrogen ratio were significantly correlated with muscle fatigue and were found to be indirect markers of muscle damage. A multivariate analysis demonstrated the protective role of testosterone against muscle damage and severe fatigue. Fluctuations in endogenous testosterone levels were correlated with greater fatigability and muscle damage after the competition. Adjusting the menstrual cycle with HC would not provide any further benefit to the athlete’s competitive capacity.

Highlights

Introduction iationsUltramarathon races are defined as sporting events that involve running and/or walking for distances greater than the official marathon distance of 42.195 km
Repeated-measures analysis demonstrated significant differences in creatine kinase (CK) and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) values pre-race as compared to immediately post-race and 24/48 h later
Significant differences were found between the loss of muscle strength measured with the HG, SJ, and loss of muscle mass after the ultramarathon

Summary

Introduction

Ultramarathon races are defined as sporting events that involve running and/or walking for distances greater than the official marathon distance of 42.195 km. In recent years, these competitive events have increased in popularity [1]. These competitive events have increased in popularity [1] These extremely long races defy our physiological systems, inducing muscle injuries, respiratory fatigue, and cardiac and renal damage. They, provide an outstanding model to evaluate the effects of ultraendurance activities on the human body. The percentage of women participating in ultraendurance sports has greatly increased in recent years [2]. Males and females are usually separated, avoiding disadvantages for females in terms of strength, power, and speed as compared to their male counterparts

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