Abstract
The common performance metrics ascribed to flow electrode capacitive deionization systems can vary significantly depending on the mode of operation and initial system conditions. Through varying the flow electrolyte ionic strength, performance values such as average salt adsorption rate and energy consumption can vary by as much as 51 and 55%. This variability from cycle to cycle is in part due to changes in the electrical conductivity (ohmic) but is also due to the introduction of competing transport processes. Diffusive transport can enhance or diminish the rate of desalination and energy recovery, creating a larger degree of error in reported values. Here, we propose a dimensionless ratio comparing diffusion and electromigration-based transport to measure performance stability. Unstable system performance is most prominent when the feed ionic strength does not match the flow electrode ionic strength. In this scenario, the ratio of the diffusion to electromigration transport reached a maximum. Conversel...
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