Abstract
The objective of this paper was to identify how extreme events can indicate periods of economic instability in variables from the economic and environmental context (per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP), per capita electric energy consumption, and per capita carbon dioxide (CO2) emission). The research is limited to the population of the country (Brazil) and five cities of Paraná (Curitiba, Londrina, Maringá, Ponta Grossa, and Cascavel). Therefore, the major research interest was focused on finding information related to extreme events and other techniques that are used for interpretation of complex systems currently. The development was based on data collection. The results indicated that extreme events have influence in periods of economic instability. They also evidenced that there is greater correlation in GDP data/electric energy consumption than in GDP data/CO2 emissions or electric energy consumption/CO2 emissions.
Highlights
The world has witnessed several nations facing economic and financial crises
Nations considered exponents in financial terms, named advanced economies, due to their degree of security and return of investments, saw their finances pointing downward given the financial crises, which demonstrates the importance of the analysis and studies focusing on countries affected by instabilities [2]
The global demand and consumption of energy, even though being able to reflect the heating up of the economy, are issues that have been calling the attention of several researchers, because, in terms of energy supply, electricity is a strategic resource for the development of cities and regions as a whole [4]
Summary
The world has witnessed several nations facing economic and financial crises. The causes of these crises are the most varied and differ according to the particularities of each country [1]. Nations considered exponents in financial terms, named advanced economies, due to their degree of security and return of investments, saw their finances pointing downward given the financial crises, which demonstrates the importance of the analysis and studies focusing on countries affected by instabilities [2]. Economic crises can be understood as temporary imbalances that significantly impact a nation and can even affect the financial stability of neighboring countries, besides influencing trading partners, businesses, employment and unemployment, inflation and others [3]. Several precise events can directly affect the economic and environmental variables. Extreme events directly affect the electric energy consumption. The global demand and consumption of energy, even though being able to reflect the heating up of the economy, are issues that have been calling the attention of several researchers, because, in terms of energy supply, electricity is a strategic resource for the development of cities and regions as a whole [4]
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