Abstract
To cope with P, S, or Fe deficiency, dicot plants, like Arabidopsis, develop several responses (mainly in their roots) aimed to facilitate the mobilization and uptake of the deficient nutrient. Within these responses are the modification of root morphology, an increased number of transporters, augmented synthesis-release of nutrient solubilizing compounds and the enhancement of some enzymatic activities, like ferric reductase activity (FRA) or phosphatase activity (PA). Once a nutrient has been acquired in enough quantity, these responses should be switched off to minimize energy costs and toxicity. This implies that they are tightly regulated. Although the responses to each deficiency are induced in a rather specific manner, crosstalk between them is frequent and in such a way that P, S, or Fe deficiency can induce responses related to the other two nutrients. The regulation of the responses is not totally known but some hormones and signaling substances have been involved, either as activators [ethylene (ET), auxin, nitric oxide (NO)], or repressors [cytokinins (CKs)]. The plant hormone ET is involved in the regulation of responses to P, S, or Fe deficiency, and this could partly explain the crosstalk between them. In spite of these crosslinks, it can be hypothesized that, to confer the maximum specificity to the responses of each deficiency, ET should act in conjunction with other signals and/or through different transduction pathways. To study this latter possibility, several responses to P, S, or Fe deficiency have been studied in the Arabidopis wild-type cultivar (WT) Columbia and in some of its ethylene signaling mutants (ctr1, ein2-1, ein3eil1) subjected to the three deficiencies. Results show that key elements of the ET transduction pathway, like CTR1, EIN2, and EIN3/EIL1, can play a role in the crosstalk among nutrient deficiency responses.
Highlights
Phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and iron (Fe) are essential mineral elements for plants (Takahashi et al, 2011; Briat et al, 2015a,b; Lucena et al, 2015)
Different Fe, P, and S deficiency physiological responses have been examined along time in Arabidopsis wild-type cultivar (WT) Columbia and some of its ET signaling mutants subjected to the three deficiencies
The physiological responses studied include ferric reductase activity, phosphatase activity, and Fe, P, and S-related genes associated with the responses
Summary
Phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and iron (Fe) are essential mineral elements for plants (Takahashi et al, 2011; Briat et al, 2015a,b; Lucena et al, 2015). To cope with P, S, or Fe deficiency, dicot plants develop several physiological and morphological responses (mainly in their roots) aimed at facilitating the mobilization and acquisition of these nutrients Among these responses are the enhanced expression of specific transporters and the alteration of the root system architecture (Maruyama-Nakashita et al, 2006; Takahashi et al, 2011; Zhang et al, 2014; Briat et al, 2015b; García et al, 2015; Lucena et al, 2015; Ajmera et al, 2019; Crombez et al, 2019; Venuti et al, 2019). Nutrient deficiencies alter the expression of internal transporters, like PHT1;5, which plays a critical role in mobilizing phosphate from source to sink organs (Nagarajan et al, 2011; Nagarajan and Smith, 2012; Zhang et al, 2014)
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