Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of various reproductive disorders and effect of calving seasons on postpartum estrus, uterine involution and service period and their relation on fertility of Kundhi buffaloes. For this purpose, 1000 advanced pregnant pluriparous buffaloes from 16 villages in the rural and peri-urban areas of district Hyderabad Sindh Pakistan were selected. These animals were divided into two main groups, group I had normal unassisted parturition (n=743) and group II with certain peri and post parturient complications (n=257). The retention of placenta, milk fever, dystocia, vaginal prolapse, uterine prolapse, endometritis, uterine involution, first postpartum estrus, service period and fertility rate were determined to evaluate the physiological effects of temperature on the complete suite of reproductive cycle during various seasons in a single year.It was revealed that among reproductive disorders the retention of placenta was highest (7.5%) followed by milk fever (6.7%), dystocia (5.2%), vaginal prolapse (2.5%), uterine prolapse (2.2%) and endometritis (1.6%). The time required for uterine involution was significantly (p
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