Abstract
The objective of this article is to analyze the influence of employment conditions on adherence to dietary recommendations among those born in Spain and immigrants by their time of residence. Data were used from the Platform of Longitudinal Studies of Immigrant Families (PELFI) cohort (n = 215) to compare Spaniards and immigrants with <14 and >14 years of residence. The questionnaire on frequency of food consumption (15 items) was used to measure adherence to dietary recommendations. Logistic regression models were used, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and employment conditions. Adherence to dietary recommendations was greater among Spaniards, followed by immigrants with >14 years of residence and <14 years of residence. The greatest adherence among Spaniards was for eggs (immigrants ≥ 14 years: 1/ORa = 2.89, <14 years: 1/ORa = 3.92), fish (immigrants ≥ 14 immigrants: 1/ORa = 2.33, <14 years: 1/ORa = 4.72), vegetables (immigrants ≥ 14 years: 1/ORa = 3.26, <14 years: 1/ORa = 4.87), dairy products (immigrants ≥ 14 years: 1/ORa = 14.34, <14 years: 1/ORa = 26.78), and sugary drinks (immigrants ≥14 years: 1/ORa = 2.12, <14 years: 1/ORa = 3.48), and the lowest adherence was for the consumption of sausages and cold cuts (immigrants ≥ 14 years: Ora = 7.62, <14 years: ORa = 24.65). Adjusting for sociodemographic and employment conditions variables did not result in variation in the observed differences between Spaniards, immigrants with <14 years of residence, and immigrants with >14 years of residence.
Highlights
IntroductionShift work during irregular and nighttime hours has been associated with changes in the circadian distribution of food ingestion [1] and with the presence of chronic health issues such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and type II-diabetes [2]
Employment conditions are important determinants of nutritional behavior in workers.For example, shift work during irregular and nighttime hours has been associated with changes in the circadian distribution of food ingestion [1] and with the presence of chronic health issues such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and type II-diabetes [2]
In the case of Spain and for the majority of food groups, acculturation seems to be a positive factor, given the greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet, which is considered an ideal diet in terms of quality and health [23,39], among immigrants with more time of residence
Summary
Shift work during irregular and nighttime hours has been associated with changes in the circadian distribution of food ingestion [1] and with the presence of chronic health issues such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and type II-diabetes [2]. Prior studies have shown that this type of workday is related to unhealthy eating [3,4], characterized by unhealthy dietary behavior such as irregular meals, scarce warm meals during the day [5], consumption of low nutrient foods, and less availability of and access to healthy foods [6]. Long working hours are another employment condition that has been associated with unhealthy eating habits such as skipping meals and consumption of fast food [7], Int. J. Public Health 2018, 15, 2488; doi:10.3390/ijerph15112488 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
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