Abstract
Stream drying and wildfire are projected to increase with climate change in the western United States, and both are likely to impact stream chemistry patterns and processes. To investigate drying and wildfire effects on stream chemistry (carbon, nutrients, anions, cations, and isotopes), we examined seasonal drying in two intermittent streams in southwestern Idaho, one stream that was unburned and one that burned 8 months prior to our study period. During the seasonal recession following snowmelt, we hypothesized that spatiotemporal patterns of stream chemistry would change due to increased evaporation, groundwater dominance, and autochthonous carbon production. With increased nutrients and reduced canopy cover, we expected greater shifts in the burned stream. To capture spatial chemistry patterns, we sampled surface water for a suite of analytes along the length of each stream with a high spatial scope (50-m sampling along ~2,500 m). To capture temporal variation, we sampled each stream in April (higher flow), May, and June (lower flow) in 2016. Seasonal patterns and processes influencing stream chemistry were generally similar in both streams, but some were amplified in the burned stream. Mean dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations increased with drying by 22% in the unburned and by 300% in the burned stream. In contrast, mean total nitrogen (TN) concentrations decreased in both streams, with a 16% TN decrease in the unburned stream and a 500% TN decrease (mostly nitrate) in the burned stream. Contrary to expectations, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations varied more in space than in time. In addition, we found the streams did not become more evaporative relative to the Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL) and we found weak evidence for evapoconcentration with drying. However, consistent with our expectations, strontium-DIC ratios indicated stream water shifted toward groundwater-dominance, especially in the burned stream. Fluorescence and absorbance measurements showed considerable spatial variation in DOC sourcing each month in both streams, and mean values suggested a temporal shift from allochthonous toward autochthonous carbon sources in the burned stream. Our findings suggest that the effects of fire may magnify some chemistry patterns but not the biophysical controls that we tested with stream drying.
Highlights
Intermittent streams, those streams experiencing periods of disconnected surface water flow (Larned et al, 2010), currently constitute ∼30% of the total river length and discharge of the world river network and about half of the United States (US) network (Datry et al, 2014)
Understanding intermittent stream ecosystem structure and processes requires a shift in stream conceptual models to include stream drying (Allen et al, 2020) and testing controls on drying like surface water-groundwater interactions (Costigan et al, 2016)
We found headwater streams had distinct chemical patterns that shifted longitudinally with seasonal drying and showed similar patterns despite fire history differences
Summary
Intermittent streams, those streams experiencing periods of disconnected surface water flow (Larned et al, 2010), currently constitute ∼30% of the total river length and discharge of the world river network and about half of the United States (US) network (Datry et al, 2014). Traditional stream chemistry studies have often focused on temporally intensive measurements at the outlet of a catchment and assumed that downstream patterns are representative of the upstream segment (e.g., Fisher and Likens, 1973; Schiff and Aravena, 1990; Boyer et al, 1997). This assumption may not be valid and the approach is unlikely to capture the spatiotemporal variability of intermittent streams (Godsey and Kirchner, 2014; Costigan et al, 2016). Temporally repeated high-spatial scope investigations seem necessary to understand patterns and mechanisms associated with stream intermittence
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