Abstract
ABSTRACTThis study examines the effects of different foreign anthropogenic emissions inventories on predicted ozone concentrations in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), South Korea, and estimates changes in ozone due to emissions reductions. We ran the Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model using the High-Order Decoupled Direct Method with three inventories of foreign anthropogenic emissions: (1) the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment, Phase B (INTEX-B) 2006; (2) the Comprehensive Regional Emissions inventory for Atmospheric Transport Experiment (CREATE) 2010; and (3) the Model Inter-Comparison Study (MICS)-Asia 2010. All three inventories have different spatial distributions of emissions, yielding different modeled ozone concentrations. However, the ozone concentrations modeled for the SMA differ less than those modeled for large, foreign cities in the modeling domain. The simulations using INTEX-B 2006 and CREATE 2010 suggested greater reduction in ozone with NOx control than with VOCs control. All simulations show that (1) simultaneous reduction in NOx and VOCs leads to less ozone reduction than the sum of ozone reductions for individual NOx and VOCs controls and (2) ozone reductions are stronger for high ozone days than for low ozone days. Comparing the modeled reductions in the relative sense yields smaller differences between high and low ozone days than comparing the modeled reductions in the absolute sense. With a 20% reduction in only NOx emissions, the differences in MDA1O3 among the three inventories were between 0.3 and 0.7 ppb. Because air-quality planning often leads to defined tonnage reductions, we examined the model’s response to such a defined emissions reduction. Using the NOx reduction in China estimated by Zhao et al. (2013), we estimated that the differences in MDA1O3 among the three inventories were between 1.50 and 1.78 ppb. Based on these results, we recommend using different foreign anthropogenic emissions inventories to test future scenarios for air-quality control
Highlights
Ground-level ozone is a persistent air-quality problem in many areas around the world (World Health Organization, 2008; Royal Society, 2010; Wang et al, 2012; U.S EPA, 2013; Santurtún et al, 2015)
This study examines the effects of different foreign anthropogenic emissions inventories on predicted ozone concentrations in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), South Korea, and estimates changes in ozone due to emissions reductions
All simulations show that (1) simultaneous reduction in nitrogen oxide (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) leads to less ozone reduction than the sum of ozone reductions for individual NOx and VOCs controls and (2) ozone reductions are stronger for high ozone days than for low ozone days
Summary
Ground-level ozone is a persistent air-quality problem in many areas around the world (World Health Organization, 2008; Royal Society, 2010; Wang et al, 2012; U.S EPA, 2013; Santurtún et al, 2015). Increased Chinese NOx emissions may lead to elevated ozone concentrations in the SMA, and mid-latitude regions of China may make large contributions to ozone in South Korea These prior works examining the impact of foreign emissions on South Korean ozone are limited in terms of the number of foreign emissions inventories selected for direct comparison (often only one) or focus narrowly on the contribution assessment without exploring sensitivity of ozone to precursors. Previous studies of regional transport in Northeast Asia have used 80-km (Itahashi et al, 2013) and 60-km (Choi et al, 2014) resolution to assess the impact of remote sources on local ozone air quality. Option 3.5.1 WRF Single-Moment, Six-Class Dudhia Kain-Fritsch Yonsei University Rapid Radiation Transfer Model Noah
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