Abstract
The inclusion of intact phospholipids in the diet is essential during larval development and can improve culture performance of many fish species. The effects of supplementation of dietary phospholipid from marine (krill) or plant (soy lecithin) sources were investigated in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. First feeding fry were fed diets containing either krill oil or soybean lecithin supplying phospholipid at 2.6%, 3.2%, 3.6% and 4.2% of diet. Fish were sampled at ~ 2.5 g (~1,990°day post fertilization, dpf) and ~10 g (2,850°dpf). By comparison of the intestinal transcriptome in specifically chosen contrasts, it was determined that by 2,850°dpf fish possessed a profile that resembled that of mature and differentiated intestinal cell types with a number of changes specific to glycerophospholipid metabolism. It was previously shown that intact phospholipids and particularly phosphatidylcholine are essential during larval development and that this requirement is associated with the inability of enterocytes in young fry to endogenously synthesize sufficient phospholipid for the efficient export of dietary lipid. In the immature phase (~1,990°dpf), the dietary phospholipid content as well as its class composition impacted on several biochemical and morphological parameters including growth, but these differences were not associated with differences in intestinal transcriptomes. The results of this study have made an important contribution to our understanding of the mechanisms associated with lipid transport and phospholipid biosynthesis in early life stages of fish.
Highlights
The inclusion of intact phospholipids in the diet can improve culture performance of many fish species [1]
Dietary Phospholipid Requirement in Atlantic Salmon restricted to early life stages and no requirement has been established in adult fish of any species, this is largely unstudied [3,4]
In the few studies where semi-purified phospholipid preparations have been investigated, the efficacy of individual phospholipid classes is commonly in the rank order phosphatidylcholine (PC) > phosphatidylinositol (PI) > phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), with PC generally being more associated with growth enhancement and PI more associated with survival and development [7,8,9]
Summary
The inclusion of intact phospholipids in the diet can improve culture performance of many fish species [1]. The beneficial effects of dietary phospholipids in fish include improved growth in both larvae and early juveniles, increased survival rates and decreased incidence of malformation in larvae, and perhaps increased stress resistance [1,2]. Dietary Phospholipid Requirement in Atlantic Salmon restricted to early life stages and no requirement has been established in adult fish of any species, this is largely unstudied [3,4]. The phospholipid requirement can vary depending upon species and developmental stage (larvae or juveniles) from around 2% up to 12–14% of diet [5,6]. In the few studies where semi-purified phospholipid preparations have been investigated, the efficacy of individual phospholipid classes is commonly in the rank order phosphatidylcholine (PC) > phosphatidylinositol (PI) > phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), with PC generally being more associated with growth enhancement and PI more associated with survival and development [7,8,9]
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